This article provides a brief overview of the condition, focusing specifically on diagnostic methods like medical imaging, biopsies and molecular testing. Screenings for high-risk patients and early detection can significantly improve outcomes, making diagnostic techniques a crucial part of cancer care.

What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer develops when abnormal cells grow and spread out of control within the lungs, sometimes spreading to other areas of the body, such as other organs or bones. These uncontrolled cells may form tumors that can impair organ function and significantly impact health.

Cancers that originate in other parts of the body can spread to the lungs, but they are still classified based on their original site, such as metastatic breast cancer. For a diagnosis of lung cancer, the disease must begin in the lungs, either in the airways (the bronchi or bronchioles) or in the alveoli, the small air sacs within the lungs.

Lung cancer types

There are multiple types of lung cancer, which play an important part in diagnosis and treatment:

• Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): This is the most common type of lung cancer, affecting more than 80% of patients. The most common subtypes of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The prognosis and treatment options for these subtypes are generally similar.
• Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This variation makes up 10 to 15% of lung cancer cases and tends to divide and spread more quickly than non-small cell types. Subtypes include small cell carcinoma and combined small cell carcinoma.
• Lung carcinoid tumors: Carcinoid tumors are an uncommon type of cancer that originates in the neuroendocrine cells found in the lungs and other parts of the body. However, to be classified as lung cancer, the tumor must specifically start in the lungs.

Causes of lung cancer

Despite its strong link to patients who smoke, lung cancer can also affect non-smokers. Here are the most common causes for this disease:

• Smoking tobacco products: Examples include cigarettes, pipes and cigars. Secondhand smoke can also be a cause for the disease.
• Exposure to chemicals and hazards: Examples include radon, asbestos and other harmful chemicals. This is more frequent for patients who are repeatedly exposed to these materials through their occupation.
• Air pollution: Also known as particle pollution, this occurs when harmful particles in the air are inhaled and become trapped in the lungs and bloodstream, potentially causing lung cancer.
• Previous lung conditions: Certain chronic lung conditions may increase a patient’s risk of developing lung cancer.
• Previous radiation therapy to the chest: Radiation exposure near the lungs may increase the risk of developing lung cancer, such as in patients who were treated for breast cancer.

Symptoms of lung cancer

Early cases may not display symptoms, at first, but some common lung cancer symptoms patients may experience include:

• A persistent cough
• Shortness of breath
• Unexplained weight loss
• Chest pain
• Fatigue
• Recurrent lung infections
• Unexplained back pain
• Coughing blood

These symptoms can have many possible causes other than lung cancer. If you have concerns, consider speaking with your doctor to schedule a personal health assessment or seek medical advice.

How is lung cancer diagnosed?

A CT scan of the chest

There are multiple methods to help physicians diagnose lung cancer. Here is a brief overview of each.

Physical exam

The initial physical exam is typically the starting point, with additional diagnostic methods used alongside it. During this appointment, the physician will likely ask about smoking habits, exposure to pollutants, family health history and any symptoms.

They will likely also listen to the lungs with a stethoscope to assess breathing, check the collarbone and neck area for swollen lymph nodes, take blood pressure and pulse readings and possibly compare the patient’s current weight to previous recordings. The doctor may also collect a mucus sample called sputum cytology, which involves the patient coughing up mucus from the lungs. It can then be tested for signs of cancer cells in a laboratory.

Chest X-ray

One of the first imaging tests commonly used is a chest X-ray. X-rays use low-dose radiation to capture images of internal structures, such as organs and bones. They may reveal tumors, changes in the lungs or spots suspicious for cancer. However, X-rays aren’t as detailed as other imaging methods. They are often a starting point for diagnosis, with more detailed imaging techniques used if there are signs of lung cancer in the initial X-rays.

CT scan

A computed tomography (CT) scan also uses X-ray technology to create internal images. However, unlike a traditional X-ray that captures only a couple of images, a CT scan takes several and combines them into a highly detailed “slice” of the area being assessed, such as the lungs.

Because of this level of detail, CT scans can detect lung tumors that X-rays might miss, especially if they are small or in the early stages. It can also show if cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

PET scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are often performed alongside a CT scan, especially if lung cancer is suspected. For this imaging technique, a radiotracer called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is injected into the patient’s bloodstream. This low-dose radioactive sugar tends to accumulate more in cancer cells, which absorb larger quantities of the radiotracer.

A gamma camera is used to detect areas of the body that collect more FDG, helping to determine if cancer is present and if it has spread to other regions. Both CT scans and PET scans are valuable for diagnosing and staging lung cancer, which will be discussed in more detail later in this article.

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can also diagnose lung cancer. MRIs use radio waves and magnets to create highly detailed internal images of the body, including the organs, bones and tissues. They can help detect signs of cancer and determine if it has spread to other areas of the body.

Biopsy

One of the most definitive ways to diagnose lung cancer is through a biopsy, which is a tissue sample taken from the lungs. There are multiple methods for obtaining this sample, including:

• Endoscopy: An endoscope is a thin, lighted tube with specialized tools used to assess the lungs and obtain tissue samples. There are several types of endoscopy, including bronchoscopy, which examines the lungs for tumors or obstructions; mediastinoscopy, which looks between the lungs and in the lymph nodes for cancer and thoracoscopy, which assesses the chest wall, chest lymph nodes and lung linings.
• Needle biopsy: Often guided by a CT scan or X-ray, a thin needle is inserted through the patient’s chest and into the lung to collect a small tissue sample, which will then be tested for cancer cells. This can be a fine needle biopsy or a core biopsy. They are similar, but a core biopsy uses a larger needle to obtain a bigger tissue sample.
• Thoracentesis: Also guided by medical imaging, this involves using a long, thin needle to collect a sample of the fluid around the lungs, which will then be tested for cancer cells.

Molecular testing

If a biopsy confirms a cancer diagnosis, the tissue sample may also be tested for gene mutations and specific biomarkers. Different findings may require different treatment methods, depending on the specific mutation, proteins and other factors. Targeted therapy involves selecting medications or treatment types based on these biomarkers to ensure the most effective drugs are used to fight cancer cells.

Lung cancer staging

Staging plays a crucial role in lung cancer diagnosis. It helps determine whether cancer cells have spread to other areas of the body, such as lymph nodes and organs, and can guide treatment decisions. MRIs, CT scans, and PET scans are all methods that can help determine this staging. The stages of lung cancer include:

• Stage 0: Also called in-situ, this is when cancer cells are only found in the top lining of the bronchus or lung.
• Stage 1: The cancer hasn’t spread beyond the lung itself.
• Stage 2: There may be more than one tumor in the lung, or it could have spread to the lymph nodes inside the lung as well.
• Stage 3: There is more cancer than in the previous stage, and it has spread to adjacent structures and/or lymph nodes. There could also be more than one tumor in the same lung.
• Stage 4: Also called metastatic lung cancer, this is when the cancer cells have spread to the fluid around the lung, the other lung or other organs such as the heart or brain. It can be more challenging to treat than other stages.
• Limited stage: This means the cancer is only in one lung, though it may be in adjacent areas such as nearby lymph nodes.
• Extensive stage: It’s spread throughout the lung and/or has also affected the other lung, opposite lymph nodes or additional regions of the body.

Getting your results

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your results are securely accessible as soon as the report is available, allowing you to review them often before your follow-up visit.

Your imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your scans and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring doctor, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history, can offer further insights and recommendations.

To better understand your imaging reports, Report Reader provides clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms. Simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning. This is paired with illustrations and highlights of anatomy in your imaging to help you better understand your results and prepare for follow-up appointments.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding lung cancer that many patients may have.

What are the signs of early lung cancer?

It is not uncommon for early-stage lung cancer to have no obvious symptoms. However, as it progresses, many patients may experience a chronic cough, recurring pneumonia, hoarseness in the throat, difficulty breathing, chest pain and unintended weight loss. It is important to remember that these can also be signs of less serious conditions, and patients should consult with their physician if they have concerns. Because this disease can develop over years, high-risk patients may also want to ask their doctor about lung cancer screening options.

How common is lung cancer?

Aside from skin cancer, lung cancer is the second-most prevalent cancer type across all sexes. In those assigned female at birth, breast cancer is more common, while prostate cancer is more common in those assigned male at birth.

This disease tends to affect patients aged 65 or older more frequently than younger patients, and it is currently the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. However, these rates, along with new cancer case rates, are starting to decrease due to fewer people smoking and improvements in diagnostic and testing methods.

Does vaping cause lung cancer?

Vaping and e-cigarettes are still relatively new, so long-term studies on their chronic health effects have not yet been completed. While they typically don’t contain tobacco, they do have nicotine and other harmful chemicals. Some of these chemicals are thought to be carcinogenic, meaning there is a potential for cancer in the future, though more research is needed. What is known is that vaping can be harmful to the lungs, heart and other areas of the body.

How common is lung cancer for non-smokers?

Smoking is still, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer cases. However, in the United States, 10 to 20% of lung cancer cases occur in non-smokers. It is believed that many of these instances are due to second-hand smoke or exposure to pollutants like radon.

Getting support

Regardless of the stage, receiving a lung cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. Fortunately, there are numerous support resources available to help patients throughout treatment and beyond. Most doctors and specialists will have local resources to recommend, but many online supports may be helpful, including:

• American Lung Association
• Lung Cancer Research Foundation
• Cancer Care
• Lung Cancer Canada

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your lung imaging. All of your vital imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. Reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, if needed. Additionally, it makes it easy to track health changes over time, such as with repeat imaging. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

PocketHealth MyCare Navigator gives personalized insights into your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This feature can also generate individualized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation. A lung cancer diagnosis may feel overwhelming, but working closely with your providers can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your lung health.

The post Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Detection appeared first on PocketHealth.

What is breast cancer?

Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast divide and grow uncontrollably, often forming tumors that can impact the body’s function and overall health. While the majority of breast cancer patients are AFAB, those assigned male at birth (AMAB) can also be affected, though this is rare.

Breast cancer can develop in specific parts of the breast, and its origin often determines how it is classified. Some examples include:

• Lobular carcinoma: Begins in the lobules, which are the glands responsible for producing breast milk.
• Paget disease of the breast: A rare form of cancer that typically starts in the nipple and may extend to the surrounding areola.
• Ductal carcinoma: Originates in the milk ducts, which carry breast milk from the lobules to the nipple. This is the most common type of breast cancer.
• Phyllodes tumor: A rare tumor that develops in the breast’s connective tissue, or stroma, which surrounds the lobules and ducts.
• Angiosarcoma: An uncommon cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels or lymph vessels within the breast.
• Subtypes: Besides the location of the cancer cells, breast cancer is further categorized by subtype—for example, whether it has specific hormone receptors or proteins that the cancer cells rely on for growth. This subtype is important, as it helps determine treatment methods.

Breast cancer diagnosis

A breast MRI with contrast

There are multiple methods to diagnose breast cancer. Here is a brief overview of each.

Breast exam

Some patients discover breast lumps or irregularities during a self-breast exam, while others may receive a clinical breast exam as part of routine medical care or screenings. The breasts, nipples, underarms and collarbone areas are assessed for abnormalities, lumps or other changes that could indicate a tumor. It’s worth noting that most breast lumps are benign. If a lump is found, additional testing is typically performed.

Breast imaging

There are multiple imaging methods that can help diagnose breast cancer, including:

• Mammograms: Used for both routine screening and diagnostic purposes, this is the most common breast imaging method for identifying lumps and irregularities. It uses low-dose X-ray technology to create internal images of the breast. 2D mammograms are standard, though 3D mammograms may be used when more detail is needed.
• Breast ultrasound: A breast ultrasound uses high-frequency ultrasonic waves that bounce off internal structures and echo back to create images for analysis. It is especially useful for distinguishing between a benign breast cyst and a solid mass.
• Breast MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves and strong magnets to create detailed internal images of the breast. It is often used to assess the extent of cancer within the breast and nearby tissues. A contrast agent may be injected to enhance image detail, if needed.

Biopsy

One of the most definitive ways to diagnose breast cancer is with a biopsy. This involves collecting a small sample of breast tissue to be analyzed in a laboratory for possible cancer cells. It’s typically done using a thin, hollow needle, guided by an MRI or other breast imaging. A fine-needle biopsy may be used for smaller samples, while a core needle biopsy is preferred for collecting larger ones. In rare cases, a surgical biopsy may be performed if the doctor wants to remove the entire lump for analysis. Nearby lymph nodes may also be biopsied to determine whether the cancer has spread.

Often, during the biopsy, a small metal marker is placed in the area where the tissue sample was taken. Because this marker shows up on breast imaging, it serves as a helpful way to monitor and evaluate the specific area for any future changes.

How is breast cancer staged?

Breast cancer staging is an important part of both diagnosis and treatment. The tissue sample taken from the biopsy is evaluated not only for cancer cells, but also for details on subtypes and if there are hormone receptors or proteins that are feeding the cancer. This is often called a biomarker test. There are other methods to help stage breast cancer, including:

• CT scans: Computed tomography uses X-rays, similar to mammograms, but compiles numerous images into highly detailed “slices,” making it more effective for assessing how far cancer may have spread.
• PET scans: Positron emission tomography involves injecting a radiotracer made of slightly radioactive sugar into the patient. A gamma camera then tracks how much of the tracer is absorbed by cells. Because cancer cells often absorb more sugar than normal cells, this helps doctors determine whether the cancer has spread. Often, CT and PET scans are performed at the same time.
• Blood tests: These can help evaluate how well organs like the liver and kidneys are functioning, which may offer insight into cancer stage and overall health.

Not all patients will require all of these tests to determine staging. Often the physician will select the ones most applicable to reach a staging diagnosis. Here are the stages to be aware of:

• Stage 0: Abnormal breast cancer cells are confined to the milk duct or lobule and have not yet become invasive.
• Stage 1: Early stage breast cancer that has spread from the milk duct or lobule to nearby breast tissue, and possibly to a lymph node.
• Stage 2: Also considered early stage, this is similar to stage 1 but involves more cancer cells. The tumor may be larger or it may have spread to more lymph nodes.
• Stage 3: This is an invasive breast cancer with a larger tumor and/or greater lymph node involvement. It may also have spread to nearby breast tissue or the chest wall, including areas near the breastbone.
• Stage 4: Also called metastatic breast cancer, this is when the cancer has spread to other areas of the body outside of the breast, such as the brain, bones, liver and other organs.

Breast cancer treatment

How breast cancer is treated depends on factors such as stage, type or subtype and grade. Cancer grade is determined by studying biopsied cancer cells and may indicate how fast the cancer is growing. Grade one means the cancer cells look similar to normal cells, suggesting slower growth. Grades two and three are more abnormal in appearance, suggesting faster growth. All of these aspects—including biomarkers and hormone receptors—are taken into account when deciding on treatment. Here are some common treatment methods.

Surgical options

The type of breast cancer surgery will depend on factors such as grading, staging and cancer type. Common surgical methods include:

• Lumpectomy: This breast conserving surgery removes the cancerous area and surrounding tissues, but not the entire breast. It is generally used for smaller tumors or affected regions and is often followed by radiation therapy.
• Mastectomy: This surgery removes the entire breast and can be either a single or double mastectomy. It is typically used for larger tumors or affected areas or in patients with a high risk of recurrence. For those who wish, reconstructive breast surgery may be an option to restore the breast using plastic surgery or other techniques.
• Lymph node removal: If breast cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, these may be surgically removed, if necessary.

Chemotherapy

This treatment uses powerful pharmaceutical drugs that may be administered intravenously or in pill form. Chemotherapy is usually given after the surgical removal of the tumor, though it may be used beforehand if the doctor wants to shrink the tumor first. It can also help lower the risk of cancer recurrence or the spread of cancer cells to the lymph nodes. Common side effects may include nausea, fatigue, temporary hair loss and an increased risk of infection.

Hormone therapy

Because some types of breast cancer feed on hormones like estrogen and progesterone, hormone therapy works by blocking these hormones, preventing cancer cells from being fueled by them. Like chemotherapy, hormone therapy is usually given after surgery. It helps reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and is often taken for up to 5 years or more. Possible side effects may include vaginal dryness, hot flashes, night sweats, blood clots and bone thinning.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy uses medications that attack specific substances cancer cells rely on to grow, such as the protein HER2. By targeting and blocking HER2, these drugs can cut off the cancer cell’s fuel source, preventing further growth. The type of medication used depends on which substances are being targeted. This therapy may be given before breast cancer surgery to help shrink the tumor, or afterward to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy uses special medications to boost the body’s own immune system, helping it more effectively recognize and destroy cancer cells. Since cancer can often hide from the immune system, this treatment helps the body detect and defend against those cells more successfully.

Radiation

Radiation therapy uses strong energy beams, such as protons or X-rays, to destroy cancer cells—often after surgery. There are two types of radiation therapy: external (called external beam radiation therapy) and internal (called brachytherapy). Radiation is often associated with lower rates of cancer recurrence, as it targets and destroys remaining cancer cells after surgery. Common side effects include fatigue, inflammation and sunburn-like skin symptoms.

Getting your results

Your breast imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your scans and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring physician, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history and past exams, can offer further insights and recommendations on next steps in a follow-up appointment.

Turnaround times for breast imaging can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, your imaging results are securely accessible as soon as they’re approved for release by the hospital or imaging clinic. This allows you the opportunity to review your results and prepare questions ahead of your follow-up visit.

To help you understand your breast imaging results, PocketHealth provides clear definitions and illustrations for complex medical terms—plus an in-depth explanation of your full imaging report. This is paired with highlights of key anatomy in your imaging to help you better comprehend what you’re looking at.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding breast cancer.

Who is at higher risk for breast cancer?

Understanding breast cancer risk can be important, as high-risk patients may have increased screening recommendations. Several factors may influence a patient’s risk of developing breast cancer, including:

• Family history: If a close relative has had breast or ovarian cancer, it may increase your risk. A personal history of breast cancer also raises the risk in the other breast.
• Gene changes: Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes may raise the breast cancer risk.
• Lifestyle factors: Obesity, frequent alcohol use and a high-fat diet may increase the risk.
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): HRT, such as for menopause, may increase the risk of breast cancer in the future.
• Previous radiation therapy: Patients who had medical radiation therapy before age 30 may have an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Race: White AFAB patients tend to have the highest rates of breast cancer, while Black AFAB patients have higher rates of triple-negative breast cancer, which is more aggressive. This type is negative for hormone receptors and doesn’t produce excess HER2 proteins, making it more challenging to treat.

Is genetic testing important for breast cancer patients?

Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can increase the risk of breast cancer. For patients who have already undergone genetic testing and haven’t developed breast cancer, it may be worth discussing with their doctor whether they should have more frequent cancer screenings to detect potential cancer cells early.

For patients already diagnosed with breast cancer, genetic testing can help guide treatment decisions and offer insight into whether there is a genetic aspect to their diagnosis. This information can also be useful for family members, allowing them to discuss with their medical provider whether they should be tested for mutations.

What should I know about breast cancer recurrence?

Breast cancer recurrence happens when a previous breast cancer returns. It isn’t a new case of cancer—rather, it means that cancer cells from the original diagnosis were not completely eliminated. Over time, these cells can divide and spread again, leading to a recurrence.

All cancer patients face some risk of recurrence, though in most cases, it does not occur. Recurrence rates depend on the original cancer stage, how it was treated and other individualized factors.

How do dense breasts affect breast cancer?

Breasts are composed of both fatty tissue and fibroglandular tissue. When there is less fatty tissue compared to fibroglandular tissue, they may be categorized as dense. Dense breasts can make it more difficult to detect lumps and irregularities during imaging tests, especially a mammogram. They can also increase a patient’s risk of developing breast cancer.

Over 50% of AFAB patients over 40 have dense breasts, making it a common occurrence. A mammogram or other breast screening should indicate whether or not breasts are dense so patients can be aware of any increased risks. If there are concerns or questions, asking a medical provider about next steps may be a good course of action. They may recommend more detailed breast imaging, such as an MRI.

Getting support

Regardless of the stage, a breast cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming. It’s important to remember that you’re not alone and that there are support systems and resources available. Your medical provider will likely be able to connect you with local options. There are also many online support groups and informational resources. Here are some breast cancer organizations that some may find helpful:

• The Susan G. Komen Foundation: They provide financial assistance, educational resources and tips for getting through treatments.
• Breast Cancer Now: A breast cancer research and support charity.
• SurvivingBreastCancer.org: They offer research information, seminars, online groups and even meditation and expressive writing classes.

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your breast scans. All of your images and reports are permanently available in one secure location and can be accessed online—anytime, anywhere. Reports can also be easily shared with other members of your care team, if needed. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool to better understand your health. For Aileen, easy access to her scans also allowed her to keep her husband informed throughout her metastatic breast cancer treatment.

PocketHealth also provides personalized health insights based on the findings in your report to help you stay on top of any next steps. This includes clearly surfacing any follow-up actions found in your report and generating customized questions to ask your doctor so you can make the most of your follow-up appointment.

While a breast cancer diagnosis is stressful and overwhelming, better understanding your results and working closely with your healthcare team can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your health long term.

The post What to Know About Breast Cancer Management appeared first on PocketHealth.

Even small kidney stones can be very painful when they pass from the kidneys through the urinary system, which is why some patients with this condition end up in the ER for treatment. This article will discuss how and why kidney stones form, who is at higher risk for developing them and how ultrasounds are used for diagnosing this condition.

What is a kidney stone?

A kidney stone forms from chemicals found within the patient’s urine, crystallizing into a stone-like formation that can often be jagged and sharp. There are different types of chemicals and substances that make up these stones and therefore different categories of kidney stones. Stones can range in size from as tiny as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball, though this is rare. Technical names for these stones include nephrolithiasis or renal calculi.

Many patients may not even know they have a stone, as how symptomatic they become often depends on the stone’s size and location.. Some very small stones may move from the kidney and through the urinary tract without incident, being eliminated through the urine without the patient even realizing it. The sensation of discomfort with kidney stones commonly occurs when a larger stone moves through or gets trapped in the patient’s ureter, which is the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder and is how urine moves through the body.

Some stones may pass quickly, while others may take weeks to exit the body. Even small ones may create a great deal of discomfort, with severe pain and nausea frequently accompanying this condition. Because of this, it may be recommended that patients experiencing kidney stones consider seeking medical treatment.

What are the types of kidney stones?

There are four primary classifications of kidney stones, which vary depending on their chemical and mineral makeup:

• Uric acid stones: A common variant, this is often caused by eating animal proteins such as poultry, eggs, beef, fish and other such products. These foods contain purines, which are broken down by the body, producing uric acid, a waste product in the blood. If uric acid levels are too elevated, this type of stone may form.
• Calcium oxalate stones: This is the most common kidney stone variant and is caused when the substance oxalate (found in foods such as spinach and almonds) combines with calcium. Too much oxalate or not enough urine (such as from not drinking enough liquids) can cause these stones to form.
• Cystine stones: This type of variant tends to be hereditary, caused by a rare condition known as cystinuria. The disease causes the amino acid, cystine, to enter the urine, forming stones when concentrations get too high. Many patients with this condition have recurring kidney stones.
• Struvite stones: These are less common variants and often form due to urinary tract infections, which create struvite-producing bacteria due to the unnaturally alkaline conditions. Repeat infections can cause a very large stone, called a staghorn calculus, to form. This often requires surgical removal.

What causes kidney stones?

When there are too many minerals or chemicals in the urine and insufficient liquid to balance it out, crystals can form. These crystals may pick up other elements and become larger. For most people, these crystallizations don’t grow large enough to be noticed or are removed through urine flow.

Patients with larger crystals and insufficient liquid to eliminate them are more prone to stones. If the stone exits the kidney and moves through the urinary tract, it may get stuck, which is when kidney stone pain typically occurs.

What are the symptoms of a kidney stone?

Common symptoms of kidney stones may include:

• Blood in the urine or urine that appears cloudy
• Nausea and vomiting
• Chills and fever
• Pain with urination and/or frequent urination
• Severe pain on the side, abdomen or lower back

If the ureter gets blocked and urine can’t pass, it can lead to significant pain and pelvic pressure. Patients with urine blockage should seek medical attention.

It’s important to note that the presence of these symptoms doesn’t necessarily mean someone has a kidney stone, as there are many other conditions with similar symptoms. It’s a good idea to discuss any such issues with your doctor so they can investigate the diagnosis and next steps.

How are kidney stones diagnosed?

Here is a brief overview of common methods to diagnose kidney stones.

Urine and blood testing

While an imaging test is one of the first diagnostic steps, urine and blood tests are also common. These tests check for imbalances in the blood, such as uric acid or electrolyte levels. A urinalysis is also used to assess signs of infection, such as red blood cells, or to look for crystals.

CT scan

While this article primarily focuses on renal ultrasounds, computed tomography (CT) scans are also widely used for kidney stone detection. This technique uses low-dose X-ray technology to create images of internal structures, such as the ureters, kidneys and bladder. Unlike a standard X-ray, CT scans create several cross-sectional views, called slices, which are then combined to form more detailed images. They are very useful for determining the location and size of the renal stone, as well as evaluating the kidney and ureter for inflammation.

Ultrasound

A kidney stone renal ultrasound is also commonly used for diagnosis. This noninvasive imaging method uses high-frequency sound waves that bounce off organs and internal structures, echoing back to form images that can be captured and studied, such as to check for the presence of a kidney stone. While a CT scan may show a little more detail, a renal ultrasound is also commonly used. This is partly because ultrasounds are easier to schedule, less expensive for the patient and still a very effective way to diagnose stones.

Another reason for choosing ultrasounds over CT scans is that CT scans expose the patient to a small amount of radiation. While this exposure is low and considered safe, many physicians advise against unnecessary repeat exposure when possible. This means that if a patient has recurring kidney stones, such as cystine stones, repeat imaging will typically be done using a non-X-ray method, like a renal ultrasound.

How is an ultrasound for kidney stone detection performed?

An ultrasound assessing for a kidney stone

Here are some steps to expect for a kidney stone ultrasound procedure:

1. Most abdominal or renal ultrasounds require the patient to arrive with a full bladder, when possible. This improves sound wave transmission and helps lift organs into better viewing angles.
2. You will be asked to lie on the exam table while a conductive gel is applied to the skin over your kidneys. A handheld device called a transducer is used to create the sound waves for the ultrasound. The ultrasound technician will slowly move it across the kidney region, capturing images.
3. You will likely be asked to hold your breath for short periods of time, as it can help obtain specific views. You may also be asked to adjust your position for similar reasons.
4. Many ultrasounds involving the kidney and bladder will have you empty your bladder halfway through the appointment, then return afterward for additional imaging. This allows the doctor to assess your urinary system with and without a full bladder.
5. After the scan, you may return to your usual activities.

How to prepare for a kidney stone ultrasound

Here are some tips that may help you prepare for an ultrasound for kidney stone detection:

• If you’re especially nauseous, consider informing your doctor in advance: Nausea and vomiting are common, and some patients may find it difficult to drink enough water for a full bladder. It may be helpful to let your doctor or the ultrasound facility know in advance so that possible solutions can be discussed.
• Bring your requisition or ultrasound orders: The imaging clinic may already have these, but it could save you time at check-in if they don’t.
• Bring your health card or insurance card: Additionally, bring your identification, as this is commonly required.
• Review any preparatory instructions in advance: Examples include full bladder preparation or directions to the facility.
• Wear a two-piece outfit: Some ultrasound facilities may require a hospital gown for the scan. However, most will simply adjust the patient’s shirt to access the kidney area. Wearing something comfortable is also helpful, and it’s best to avoid wearing metallic items if possible.

Getting your results

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your results are securely accessible as soon as the report is available, allowing you to review them often before your follow-up visit.

Your imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your ultrasound and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring doctor, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history, can offer further insights and recommendations.

To better understand your imaging reports, Report Reader provides clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms. Simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning. This is paired with illustrations and highlights of anatomy in your imaging to help you better understand your results and prepare for follow-up appointments.

What do abnormal results look like on a kidney stone ultrasound?

Some abnormal results that may suggest the presence of a stone include:

• Renal calculus: This is another term for a kidney stone.
• Measurements and location: If a stone is detected, the ultrasound will likely provide an estimate of its size and location within the ureter.
• Hydronephrosis: This term refers to swelling in the kidney and ureter, which can occur if a kidney stone obstructs normal urine flow. The scan results may indicate whether the swelling is mild, moderate or severe.
• Hyperechoic: Hyperechoic is an imaging term indicating that the stone appears brighter or white on the ultrasound compared to the surrounding areas. This means it is producing many echoes and reflecting more sound waves. This specification helps categorize certain findings, such as renal stones.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding kidney stones and diagnostic ultrasounds.

What are the risk factors for kidney stones?

There are many factors that may increase the risk of developing kidney stones for some patients, including:

• Eating excess protein-rich foods and animal products
• Regular use of vitamin C supplements
• A diet high in sugars and sodium
• Not drinking enough liquids
• A family history of renal stones
• Intestinal or stomach surgeries, such as gastric bypass
• Some medications, such as calcium-based antacids or anti-seizure medications
• Underlying health conditions, such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, gout and more

Can kidney stones cause complications?

While many patients experiencing kidney stones have no lasting issues after they pass, there are some cases where complications may occur, such as:

• Hydronephrosis: When the renal stone blocks the ureter, it can cause urine to build up in the kidney, leading to inflammation and swelling.
• Urinary tract infections: UTIs may occur as a result of a kidney stone.
• Kidney infections: Also called pyelonephritis, symptoms include fever, chills and back/side pain.
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD): Chronic kidney disease occurs when there is permanent kidney damage due to various underlying conditions, including recurring kidney stones that may have caused kidney damage by obstructing the ureter. Fortunately, this is uncommon.

How accurate is an ultrasound for kidney stones?

While a kidney stone ultrasound procedure may not be quite as detailed as a CT scan, it is still a valuable and accurate method to detect stones and assess the ureters, bladder and kidneys.

Are kidney stone ultrasounds safe?

An ultrasound for kidney stone detection is considered a safe procedure with no radiation exposure or invasive methods. Some patients may find having a full bladder for the appointment uncomfortable, especially if they are already experiencing pain or discomfort. In these cases, discussing options with your doctor or the imaging technician may provide alternatives.

Take control of your health with PocketHealth

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your kidney scans. All of your vital imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. Reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, if needed. Additionally, it makes it easy to track health changes over time, such as with repeat imaging like ultrasounds. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

PocketHealth MyCare Navigator gives personalized insights into your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This feature can also generate individualized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation. A kidney stone diagnosis may feel overwhelming, but working closely with your providers can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your kidney health.

The post Ultrasounds for Kidney Stone Detection appeared first on PocketHealth.

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

RA is a chronic disease that affects the immune system, leading to joint inflammation. In severe rheumatoid arthritis cases, it can impact joint functionality throughout the body and cause benign lumps called nodules, which can develop anywhere. RA can also potentially damage the joints in the fingers, making it difficult to use them. Additionally, RA may affect organs, like the lungs and heart, and even the skeletal system. Treatment is important to preserve as much function as possible, slow down progression of the disease and help the patient manage symptoms and mobility.

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

There are multiple common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Some may include:

• Joint pain or discomfort: Because RA is a chronic illness, this is expected to have occurred for a minimum of 6 weeks. Fatigue is also common.
• Stiffness and swelling: This is particularly common in the smaller joints, such as the feet, hands and wrists. Stiffness is often more pronounced in the morning.
• Occasional low-grade fever: If a patient is having a flare-up, where symptoms are particularly present, they may experience a low-grade fever as a result of inflammation.

The presence of these symptoms does not necessarily mean rheumatoid arthritis. Many other conditions may have similar symptoms. It’s important to discuss any concerns with your doctor so that testing and next steps can be taken.

What are the stages of rheumatoid arthritis?

Part of the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is determining the current stage of the disease. Here is a brief overview of these stages:

• Stage 1: Early rheumatoid arthritis can cause some joint pain, inflammation and stiffness. Function is still fair and pain may lessen with movement. Imaging tests may not reveal bone changes or other diagnostic signs yet, which can make diagnosis challenging. However, early treatment offers a good chance for the patient to enter remission.
• Stage 2: The patient’s joint cartilage has started to become damaged. Range of motion may decrease and stiffness may increase.
• Stage 3: This is categorized as severe RA, and bones may rub together and erode. There may also be issues such as thicker knuckles, twisted fingers and carpal tunnel-like symptoms. Other complications can also occur.
• Stage 4: End-stage RA can result in pain, loss of mobility and function. Rarely, bone fusion also known as ankylosis, may occur..

It is helpful to remember that it can take years for RA patients to progress through these stages, and many are able to slow progression, preventing the later stages from being reached. Lastly, when caught early, treatment options may even lead to remission of the disease.

How rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed

X-ray showing rheumatoid arthritis in the hands

Early rheumatoid arthritis may be harder to diagnose, as imaging tests like X-rays may not show clear signs of the disease until later stages. Generally, a multi-pronged approach is used for diagnosis, including a combination of the following methods.

Physical exam

A physical examination by a medical provider may include the following:

• Questions about medical history: The doctor will likely ask about symptoms and overall medical history. They may also inquire about family history, as it is generally believed there is a genetic component to many RA cases.
• Physical examination: The physician will assess range of motion, look for swelling and inflammation, check for bumps beneath the skin that could indicate nodules and test for signs of a fever.

Blood tests

Blood tests are an important component of the diagnosis process, though it generally takes multiple diagnostic tests to confirm or rule out rheumatoid arthritis, as many other conditions may produce similar results. Here are some specifics that blood tests look for:

• C-reactive protein: The liver produces a protein called CRP, which can indicate inflammation if the levels are higher than baseline expectations.
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): This test evaluates how quickly red blood cells separate and sink to the bottom of the test tube, serving as another measure of inflammation.
• Anti-CCP antibody test: Cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) antibodies may be detected in 60 to 80% of RA patients.
• Rheumatoid factor (RF): This protein is created by the immune system, but for rheumatoid arthritis patients, it can attack healthy cells. High levels of RF may indicate RA, but other autoimmune diseases can also cause this.
• Antinuclear antibody test (ANA): This autoantibody is a type of protein that can attack the body instead of defending it. The presence of ANA may point to an autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Ultrasounds

Ultrasounds are a scanning method that use high-frequency sound waves to capture internal images. A handheld device, called a transducer, produces these sound waves as it moves over the scanned area. The waves bounce off internal structures, echoing back to create images that can be captured on a screen and saved for evaluation.

In the case of rheumatoid arthritis, ultrasounds may show bone erosions, synovial changes, joint issues and other signs of the disease. It can also help differentiate RA from other musculoskeletal conditions that may mimic it, such as injuries and tendon issues.

MRIs

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for diagnosing RA. It uses strong magnets and radio waves to align the protons in the body’s hydrogen atoms. The MRI machine then sends a pulse of energy that temporarily changes their alignment. As the protons return to their normal position, they release energy, which the MRI machine picks up to create detailed images of the inside of the body.

These images not only show bones and internal organs but also cartilage and soft tissues, making an MRI an ideal method for detecting early rheumatoid arthritis. This is because it can differentiate between tissue types and highlight areas like bone marrow, joint lining and other anatomy affected by early RA.

X-rays

While X-rays used to be the gold standard for RA imaging, MRIs are generally more detailed for early diagnosis. However, X-rays are still used to track changes and progression of the disease over time. They are excellent at showing bone and joint details using low-dose radiation to create internal images.

X-rays are also typically less expensive than MRIs and don’t require patients to remain still in an enclosed machine for long periods, which some may find uncomfortable. X-rays can also help rule out other possible causes for RA symptoms, such as injuries or other underlying health conditions.

Getting your results

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your results are securely accessible as soon as the report is available, allowing you to review them often before your follow-up visit.

Your imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your scans and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring doctor, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history, can offer further insights and recommendations.

To better understand your imaging reports, Report Reader provides clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms. Simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning. This is paired with illustrations and highlights of anatomy in your imaging to help you better understand your results and prepare for follow-up appointments.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding rheumatoid arthritis.

What is the outlook for rheumatoid arthritis?

The outlook for RA can vary greatly from patient to patient. Factors such as age of onset, disease stage, lifestyle choices and treatment history all play a role. Some patients may experience significant health issues from the disease, while others may only have mild symptoms and limitations and live a normal lifespan. It’s important to discuss your condition with your healthcare provider to get the most relevant information for your individual health.

What are the risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis?

While there is no known single cause for RA, there are several possible contributing risk factors, including:

• Being assigned female at birth
• Eating a diet high in red meat, dairy and sugar
• Gum disease resulting in harmful bacteria
• Certain infections, such as hepatitis C
• Family history of the disease
• Smoking

What treatments are available for people with rheumatoid arthritis?

There are a variety of methods for treating rheumatoid arthritis, including:

• Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy weight can help reduce stress on the joints, and moderate exercise approved by a physician may help with strength and fatigue.
• Physical therapy: Range of motion, flexibility and joint function may improve with the help of a physical therapist.
• Medication: Medications range from inflammation reducers and pain relievers to those that slow the progression of the disease.
• Surgery: Joint replacement surgeries and other procedures may help improve or restore some functionality.

What is the link between smoking and RA?

Due to the harmful substances found in cigarettes, smoking can cause increased inflammation and higher levels of the cytokine proteins that are partially responsible for the joint and organ damage that can happen with RA. Smoking can also reduce the efficacy of RA medications and may also cause rheumatoid arthritis to progress faster than it otherwise would.

Getting support

Regardless of the stage or severity of the disease, receiving a rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis can feel overwhelming. Consider exploring support groups and other helpful resources. Your doctor will likely have local resources and information available. In the meantime, here are some online organizations that may offer education and support:

• Arthritis Foundation
• Rheumatoidarthritis.org
• MyRAteam
• Arthritis Society Canada

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your rheumatoid arthritis scans. All of your vital imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. Reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, if needed. Additionally, it makes it easy to track health changes over time, such as with repeat imaging. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

PocketHealth MyCare Navigator gives personalized insights into your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This feature can also generate individualized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation. A rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis may feel overwhelming, but working closely with your providers can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your joints.

The post What to Know About Getting a Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis appeared first on PocketHealth.

This article provides an overview of PKD, focusing on the role of diagnostic ultrasounds in assessing and diagnosing the disease. You will learn how this imaging method is used and what to expect during your appointment.

What is polycystic kidney disease?

PKD is a genetic disorder, though it can be caused by various genetic mutations rather than a single one. Fluid-filled sacs, known as cysts, form inside the kidneys, also sometimes called renal cysts. In many medical conditions, cysts are harmless and may either be easy to treat or resolve on their own.

In the case of polycystic kidney disease, however, these cysts can damage the kidneys and cause them to enlarge significantly. A healthy kidney typically weighs about a third of a pound and is roughly the size of a fist. In contrast, kidneys affected by PKD can sometimes grow as large as a football and weigh up to 30 pounds each. There are two main types of PKD, which will be discussed next.

What is autosomal dominant PKD?

Autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) is the most common type of the disease, accounting for about 90% of all cases. Dominant Polycystic kidney disease occurs when one of the patient’s parents passes on the genetic condition, giving the patient a 50% chance of inheriting this form of PKD. Symptoms usually start in middle adulthood, but they can also start as soon as childhood.

What is autosomal recessive PKD?

The other form of PKD is autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), and it is considerably rarer than ADPKD. This type occurs when both parents pass on the gene, giving the patient a 25% chance of inheriting the condition. Symptoms may not appear until later in childhood or adolescence, but they often begin shortly after birth. In some cases, the condition is diagnosed while the baby is still in the womb. While ARPKD tends to be more severe, significant medical advancements have greatly improved lifespans, quality of life and overall outlook for affected individuals.

Potential complications of PKD

There are various potential complications of PKD, though these can vary by individual and the severity of their condition. Some complications that some patients may experience include:

• Cysts in other body parts: Besides the kidneys, PKD can cause liver cysts and cysts in the ovaries, bowel, spleen, pancreas, heart or brain. While most of these growths are not serious, cysts in the heart may affect the valves, leading to heart murmurs. Cysts in the brain can sometimes result in an aneurysm, which is something many PKD are regularly screened for, in case intervention is needed.
• High blood pressure: For many patients, high blood pressure may be the first sign of PKD.
• Increased risk for kidney stones and UTIs: PKD can raise the risk of urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
• Gastrointestinal issues: Examples include feeling prematurely full when eating, bloating and abdominal pain.

What causes polycystic kidney disease?

Most cases of PKD are caused by a genetic mutation in the PKD1, PKD2 or PKHD1 genes, which are passed down from the patient’s parent or parents. Rarely, this gene mutation occurs spontaneously, meaning it mutates randomly in the patient and was not inherited or passed down. Only about 10% of PKD patients develop this mutation spontaneously.

Regardless of how the mutations occurred, there is a 50% chance that someone with this condition will pass it to each of their offspring. Additionally, if a patient has autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD), they are highly likely to manifest some symptoms or signs of the condition at some point in their lifetime. The severity of their condition, however, may vary. Some patients experience more severe cases of the disease, while others may only have mild symptoms. For patients with a family history of this mutation, if they are tested and found not to have it, they will not be at risk of passing it along to their children.

What are the symptoms of polycystic kidney disease?

Many patients go years without any symptoms of PKD. That said, here are some common symptoms of the condition:

• Feeling full in the abdominal area
• A history of kidney stones
• Frequent kidney or urinary tract infections
• Enlarged abdomen due to the increased size of the kidneys
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• Pain in the back, side, or abdomen
• Frequent headaches
• Bloody urine
• Kidney failure

It’s important to note that experiencing some of these symptoms does not necessarily mean you have PKD. There are many other possible causes for these symptoms. It’s important to discuss any concerns with your doctor, who can help determine the cause and recommend next steps.

How is polycystic kidney disease diagnosed?

Ultrasound of a kidney cyst

There are generally multiple components to a PKD diagnosis. Here is a brief overview of how a diagnosis is typically reached.

Genetic testing

Despite PKD being caused by genetic factors in the majority of cases, genetic testing via blood sample is not always the first course of action for diagnosis. The test can be expensive for some patients and in 15% of cases, it doesn’t detect the condition even if the patient has it. However, genetic testing can be helpful in the following circumstances:

• Family history of the disease: Due to the increased risk, the patient may want to see if they have the genetic mutation as well.
• Imaging tests are inconclusive: If medical scans don’t clearly indicate PKD, genetic testing can be another way to help narrow down the diagnosis.
• Family planning purposes: If a patient is planning to start a family, genetic testing may be considered, especially if there is a family history of the disease.

Polycystic kidney disease ultrasound

Ultrasounds are generally the first method used to diagnose PKD. This imaging technique uses high-frequency sound waves produced by a hand-held device called a transducer. The ultrasound technician moves the transducer externally across the kidney area, and the sound waves bounce off internal structures and organs, echoing back to create images that can be captured and analyzed. The size of the kidneys and the presence of a polycystic kidney or kidneys can usually be detected, though this depends on the progression and severity of the disease.

Other imaging

Other imaging methods can also help with diagnosis, though they tend to be more expensive and may be harder to schedule. MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) use radio and magnetic waves to create highly detailed images of internal anatomy. CT scans (computed tomography) use X-ray technology to produce detailed cross-sections of internal structures. Both can detect very small cysts that ultrasounds may miss, but generally, ultrasounds are a highly reliable, non-invasive diagnostic method that is easier to schedule.

How is a PKD ultrasound performed?

Because most PKD patients have an ultrasound for the first diagnostic test, it can be helpful to know what to expect. Here are the steps for most kidney ultrasounds:

1. You will most likely be asked to arrive at your appointment with a full bladder. This is because a full bladder improves the transmission of sound waves and helps tilt certain organs into a better position for imaging.
2. You will be asked to lie on an exam table, and a conductive gel will be applied to your skin over the area of your kidneys. The technician will slowly move the transducer over this area, capturing multiple images to get specific views and angles of your kidneys.
3. You may be asked to hold your breath for short periods, as this can help improve imaging angles. Additionally, you may be asked to move to your side for some of the imaging.
4. The ultrasound technician may also ask you to empty your bladder halfway through the scan and return for additional imaging. This allows them to compare the kidneys and bladder when full and empty.
5. After the scan, you may return to your usual routine and go about your day.

How to prepare for a PKD ultrasound

Here are some helpful tips to prepare for your ultrasound appointment:

• Bring your requisition or ultrasound orders: The imaging clinic may already have these, but if they don’t, it could save you time at check-in.
• Bring your health card or insurance card: Bring your identification, as this is commonly required.
• Review any preparatory instructions in advance: Examples include full bladder preparation or directions to the facility.
• Wear a two-piece outfit: While some facilities may require a hospital gown for the scan, most will simply move the patient’s shirt slightly to access the kidney area. Wearing something comfortable is also helpful, and avoid wearing metallic items if possible.

Getting your results

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your results are securely accessible as soon as the report is available, allowing you to review them often before your follow-up visit.

Your imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your ultrasound and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring doctor, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history, can offer further insights and recommendations.

To better understand your imaging reports, Report Reader provides clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms. Simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning. This is paired with illustrations and highlights of anatomy in your imaging to help you better understand your results and prepare for follow-up appointments.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some commonly asked questions regarding polycystic kidney disease and ultrasound scans.

How is acquired cystic kidney disease different from PKD?

Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACD) has similar symptoms to PKD, such as multiple cysts, but they have different causes. PKD is caused by genetic factors, while ACD is usually a result of chronic kidney disease, a condition with multiple potential causes. Additionally, ACD patients typically have normal or smaller-sized kidneys, whereas PKD patients often have enlarged kidneys. Finally, cysts generally do not form in other areas of the body in ACD patients.

Are there any risks from a kidney ultrasound?

A kidney ultrasound is a non-invasive and safe imaging procedure that can be performed repeatedly with no adverse effects. The only potential issue for some patients is slight discomfort from having a full bladder, particularly in more advanced stages of the disease. In such cases, speak with your physician or ultrasound technician, as adjustments may be possible.

At what age do patients usually start showing symptoms of PKD?

The age at which a patient with PKD begins to show symptoms can vary. For autosomal dominant PKD, symptoms are more commonly seen between the ages of 30 and 40, though there are exceptions where they appear earlier. For autosomal recessive PKD, symptoms are usually present before or shortly after birth.

Will a kidney transplant cure PKD?

A kidney transplant doesn’t cure the underlying cause of PKD, as it is usually genetic. This means other complications, such as the risk of brain aneurysms, would still need to be medically managed. There is also the potential for the new kidney to eventually become symptomatic. That said, many patients find their quality of life greatly improves after a kidney transplant, and many can live for years without complications with the new kidney, if they experience any at all.

Getting support

A PKD diagnosis can be overwhelming, and finding support is important. Several resources are available for patients with PKD. One of the first places to start is your doctor’s office, as they will likely have information on local support resources. On a broader scale, here are some online support options that may also help:

• PKD Foundation
• American Association of Kidney Patients
• National Kidney Foundation
• PKD Foundation of Canada

Take control of your health with PocketHealth

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your kidney scans. All of your vital imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. Reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, if needed. Additionally, it makes it easy to track health changes over time, such as with repeat imaging like ultrasounds. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

PocketHealth MyCare Navigator gives personalized insights into your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This feature can also generate individualized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation. A PKD diagnosis may feel overwhelming, but working closely with your providers can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your kidney health.

The post Polycystic kidney disease ultrasound: How to prepare and what to expect appeared first on PocketHealth.

While this guide provides helpful information about ovarian cysts, your doctor will give the official interpretation of your results during a follow-up appointment or phone call. If you’d like early access to your results, PocketHealth offers secure, instant access to your report when it is available. This allows you to review the findings in advance and prepare any questions for your follow-up appointment.

Get early access to your ultrasound results

• Online Access
• Easy Sharing
• Permanent Storage

What is an ovarian cyst?

Ovaries are two small glands located on each side of the uterus. They produce female sex hormones and also create, store, and release eggs for reproduction. Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs found on or within the ovary. Cysts can vary in size and type and may require different treatments. This condition is common and often without symptoms or complications. However, they can cause discomfort for some patients, and other types can be caused by underlying conditions that may need treatment.

Types of ovarian cysts

There are different types of ovarian cysts, which can affect their cause, symptoms and treatment. Below is a brief overview of the categories and variations.

Functional cysts

Ultrasound of an ovarian follicle

Also called simple cysts, these are the most common type and are not usually caused by underlying conditions. Each month, the ovaries release an egg during ovulation. This occurs through a follicle, a small, fluid-filled sac that contains an immature egg. The ovaries have thousands of these follicles, each with the potential to release an egg, though usually only one egg is released. This process can sometimes lead to the formation of an ovarian cyst. Here are the variations of these functional cysts:

• Corpus luteum cysts: Once the follicle releases an egg, it forms the corpus luteum, a group of cells that produce hormones. Sometimes, fluid collects and grows in these cells, forming a cyst.
• Follicular cysts: If the follicle does not release an egg, it may fill with fluid and grow in size, becoming a cyst.
• Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cysts: Functional cysts may sometimes fill with blood. If these cysts rupture, the pelvic area can fill with blood and cause pain and nausea. Usually these cysts resolve on their own. If they bleed excessively, however, it is recommended to see a doctor for their removal.

Other types of ovarian cysts (complex cysts)

Some types of ovarian cysts have underlying causes other than the menstrual cycle, and they may contain solid or partially solid masses. Treatment or supervision will depend on the type:

• Dermoid cysts: Patients with these cysts are born with them. Dermoid cysts form when tissues, cells and glands found in the skin collect within a cyst. Sometimes, even brain tissue, hair and teeth are found within these cysts. They often occur throughout the body, particularly in the head and neck, but can also form on the ovaries and grow over time. They are usually harmless, but can be removed if necessary.
• Cystadenomas: Often called tumors, these cysts grow on the ovary’s surface and may be filled with thick, mucous-like substances or thin, watery substances. They can grow quite large, but they are usually benign and have an excellent prognosis for treatment.
• Cancerous ovarian cysts: Made of solid masses of cells, some complex ovarian cysts can be a sign of cancer, but this is thankfully rare.
• Endometriomas: Endometriosis occurs when cells similar to those lining the uterus form outside of it. If these cells attach to the ovary, they can become a cyst called an endometrioma. Because they are filled with old menstrual blood, they are often called chocolate cysts due to the dark color of the fluid. Due to their similarity to hemorrhagic cysts, they can often be mistaken for them, leading to a delay in an endometriosis diagnosis.

What causes ovarian cysts?

Ultrasound of an ovarian cyst

Causes of ovarian cysts vary. Here are the most common reasons these growths form:

• Ovulation: Cysts may form during ovulation if the follicle doesn’t release an egg or if fluid collects in the corpus luteum.
• Irregular cell reproduction: Abnormalities in cell growth can lead to the formation of cystadenomas and dermoid cysts.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): The most common cause of PID is untreated sexually transmitted bacteria that spread to internal reproductive organs, such as the ovaries. This can cause infections and even lead to ovarian cysts.
• Endometriosis: Typically, endometriomas result from advanced cases of endometriosis.

Ovarian cyst symptoms

Often, patients won’t have any symptoms or pain with smaller ovarian cysts. Otherwise, common symptoms include:

• Dull or sharp pain near the location of the ovary that may come and go
• Feeling full or bloated
• Pain during menstruation
• Pain during sex
• Significant pain and nausea with rupturing of hemorrhagic or other types of cysts

How is an ovarian cyst diagnosed?

There are several ways ovarian cysts are diagnosed, with medical imaging being the most common. Here’s how they work:

Pelvic exam

The medical provider will perform a pelvic exam to check for any lumps or abnormalities. However, this alone is not enough to diagnose a cyst. Imaging will be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Ultrasounds

Ultrasounds are the most common way to diagnose an ovarian cyst. This imaging technique uses high-frequency sound waves produced by a handheld device called a transducer. As the sound waves bounce off internal structures and organs, the echoes produce images that can be captured on a screen for later analysis. There are two types of ultrasounds used to detect ovarian cysts. Many patients commonly have both performed at the same appointment:

• Transvaginal ultrasound: A transvaginal ultrasound involves inserting the wand-like transducer into the vagina to get a clearer view of the pelvic organs.
• Transabdominal ultrasound: In a transabdominal ultrasound, a clear conductive gel is applied to the lower abdomen, and the transducer is moved across the skin to capture detailed images of the ovaries and uterus.

MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging)

MRIs are another way to diagnose ovarian cysts. They can be especially helpful in detecting endometriomas and other signs of endometriosis. This imaging method uses magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body. Patients lie on a table inside a tube-like machine, staying as still as possible for the duration of the scan. Because of the magnetic nature of this technology, metal should be avoided, and any metal implants should be disclosed before the appointment so that alternatives or accommodations can be arranged.

While MRIs are very effective, ultrasounds are more commonly used for initial screenings because they are easier to schedule and less expensive. Also, insurance often requires ultrasounds to be performed first before they will authorize an MRI.

Laparoscopy

This surgical procedure is performed under anesthesia. The surgeon inserts a tiny camera on a thin tube through a small incision in the abdomen. This allows them to view the pelvic area and organs in great detail. If a cyst is found, the surgeon can remove it using specialized tools that require only minimal incisions. While this is not typically the first step in diagnosing an ovarian cyst, it may be discovered during an unrelated laparoscopic procedure, at which point it can be diagnosed and treated. This type of surgery is less invasive and has a faster recovery than more traditional surgical methods.

How is an ovarian cyst treated?

For most cysts, especially functional ones, no treatment is needed. These typically resolve on their own within weeks or a few months. Even many complex cysts don’t require treatment if they aren’t causing significant discomfort. These are often monitored with periodic ultrasounds to ensure the cyst doesn’t grow or undergo other changes. Birth control can reduce the chances of new cysts forming, but it doesn’t affect existing cysts.

When ovarian cysts are causing significant discomfort, laparoscopic removal is a common technique. If the cyst is large or the ovary has been damaged, more extensive surgeries may be required, including an oophorectomy (ovary removal) or open abdominal surgery (laparotomy).

How to prepare for an ovarian cyst ultrasound

Since an ultrasound is the most common diagnostic tool for ovarian cysts, here are some helpful tips for preparation. Note that appointments typically last around 30 minutes, and patients can return to their usual routines afterward.

Before your appointment

• Review your requisition: Re-reading any instructions on your requisition can help ensure you don’t miss any steps or preparations.
• Ask if you need a full bladder: Transabdominal ultrasounds require a full bladder to improve imaging angles and help the sound waves travel more effectively. If you’re only having a transvaginal ultrasound, this step won’t be necessary.

The day of your appointment

• Bring your requisition form: If the imaging clinic does not already have your ultrasound orders, bringing the form can save time during check-in. Also, bring your health card and ID.
• Arrive with a full bladder (if applicable): A typical bladder preparation involves urinating an hour before your appointment and then drinking 32 ounces of water. If you are having both a transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound, the abdominal portion will be performed first, requiring the full bladder. You can then urinate and return for the vaginal portion a few minutes later.
• Wear comfortable clothes: You will need to wear a hospital gown for the transvaginal part of the scan, so choose clothing that is easy to remove.

Getting your results

Ultrasound result turnaround times depend on the radiologist’s and your referring doctor’s schedules. It can sometimes take a week or more, especially if you receive them at your follow-up appointment.

PocketHealth provides faster access, allowing you to see your results as soon as they’re uploaded by the radiologist, giving you time to review findings and prepare questions. For added support, MyCare Navigator generates questions to ask your doctor based on findings in your report and highlights any follow-up recommendations found in the report.

Understanding your results

Although your doctor will explain your results to you, accessing your report before your appointment can give you an early preview. When reviewing your report, it’s common to find the medical terminology complex and confusing. PocketHealth Report Reader simplifies this by offering clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms—simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning.

This guide will briefly discuss some common findings in bone scan reports. It’s also important to remember that results can often be perfectly normal, with no ovarian cysts found. In these cases, terms like “unremarkable” or a similar variation are commonly used. You may also see measurements of the ovaries, uterus and other surrounding structures, which simply serve to establish a baseline for future reference. Now that we have reviewed the common elements of a typical report, let’s examine what abnormal results you can come across and what they may mean.

What abnormal ultrasound results may mean

Here are some common descriptors ultrasound reports often contain that can indicate ovarian cysts:

• Cystic lesions: A lesion is a term for a growth, such as a tumor or cyst.
  Bilateral/unilateral: Bilateral refers to both ovaries, such as bilateral cysts. Unilateral means the cyst is on only one side.
• Hemorrhagic contents/proteinaceous debris: This describes possible blood or protein debris found within the cyst, as seen in a hemorrhagic cyst.
• Measurements: If a cyst is found, its size will be provided, often in centimeters. Average sizes range from 1-3 centimeters, though there are many exceptions.
• Echo descriptions: How ultrasound echoes bounce back can provide insight into the conditions of the area being scanned. Hypoechoic means the area absorbs few sound waves, indicating a solid structure like bone. Hyperechoic produces many sound waves, indicating something filled with fat or air (like the lungs). Anechoic means no echoes are produced, appearing darker than surrounding tissue and often indicating fluid, as with an ovarian cyst.
• Vascularity: If vascularity is noted, it can suggest that the cyst is developing blood vessels or actively bleeding. This may be a sign of cancerous qualities. Fortunately, this is rare, and most ultrasounds will report “no internal vascularity.”
• Complex or simple: These categories are commonly used in ultrasound reports to describe the cyst’s appearance.

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

PCOS is a hormonal condition that often appears around puberty, though sometimes symptoms don’t start until later. Much is still unknown about PCOS, but it is known that some patients don’t produce enough of the hormones required to ovulate regularly. When ovulation is skipped, the ovaries can form multiple cysts. These cysts can produce androgens, hormones typically found in greater quantities in individuals assigned male at birth. AFAB patients naturally have low levels of androgens too, but those with PCOS have abnormally high levels of these hormones, which cause symptoms such as:

• Menstrual cycle irregularity
• Enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts
• Fertility issues
• Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness
• Skin tags and dark patches of skin
• Weight gain
• Acne
• Excess body hair
• Metabolic syndrome
• Type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes

The cause of PCOS is still being studied, but there seems to be a link with insulin resistance and obesity. Whether these are causes or effects of the condition is still unclear. Hormone testing and ultrasounds are used for diagnosis.

Treatment includes lifestyle changes to improve insulin sensitivity and weight, diabetes medications, medications to lower androgen levels, fertility treatments (if desired) and other hormone therapies. While treatments are still being improved, they can do much to alleviate symptoms of PCOS. This condition is also being widely studied for further insights on causes and management.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some commonly asked questions regarding ovarian cysts.

What is ovarian torsion?

Ovarian torsion occurs when the ovary (or fallopian tube) twists around surrounding tissues. This can cut off the blood supply to the ovary, causing severe lower abdominal pain, along with nausea, vomiting and fever. It is considered a medical emergency because without blood flow, the affected ovary can die, requiring its removal.

Growths, such as ovarian cysts, can add excess weight to the ovary, disrupting its usual balance and making it more prone to twisting or moving inappropriately. Fortunately, this is a rare occurrence, even with ovarian cysts. Treatment involves a diagnostic ultrasound to confirm the torsion, followed by a laparoscopy to untwist the ovary and remove the cyst. If treated quickly, this approach is usually successful.

Is an ovarian cyst a serious problem?

Most of the time, no. The majority of ovarian cysts are functional cysts, which go away on their own and don’t require treatment. Complex cysts are often just monitored with regular ultrasounds for any changes but usually don’t need intervention. Ovarian cysts only become a serious problem in rare cases when they are cancerous, rupture or experience torsion.

How is a ruptured ovarian cyst treated?

Often, a ruptured ovarian cyst will only cause minor symptoms and can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications. In severe cases, they can cause significant pain and internal bleeding. When this happens, it is considered a medical emergency and the patient should go to the ER where they will be treated with fluids, pain relievers and possibly surgery. If surgery is required, bleeding will be controlled, excess fluid and blood clots removed and the cyst or entire ovary may be removed if necessary. Severe ruptured ovarian cysts are, thankfully, a rare occurrence.

How common are ovarian cysts?

It is estimated that 10 out of 100 people assigned female at birth (AFAB) get ovarian cysts. Of those affected, the majority are functional cysts that go away on their own.

Take control of your health with PocketHealth

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your medical reports and ultrasound scans. All of your medical imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. If needed, reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, including gynecologists and other specialists. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

The post Ovarian Cysts: Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis and Treatment appeared first on PocketHealth.

This article will cover the basics of chronic kidney disease, focusing on patients in stage 3 and the common causes of this condition. It will also discuss typical diagnosis and treatment methods, along with what to expect during this process.

What is chronic kidney disease?

The kidneys’ role in the body is to produce erythropoietin (a hormone) to stimulate red blood cell production, maintain blood pressure, regulate the balance of certain minerals and remove excess water and waste products. When kidneys become damaged, these functions become less effective, which can lead to various health problems and imbalances.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to the gradual loss of kidney function or damage over a period of at least three months. The extent of kidney damage depends on factors such as how long the patient has had CKD and the underlying condition that caused it. There is no single cause for CKD, but multiple conditions can lead to it. The causes will be discussed in the next section.

How is chronic kidney disease staged?

CKD is classified into five possible stages. Here is a brief overview of what each stage means:

• Stage 1: Kidney damage is mild, and kidney function remains normal
• Stage 2: Kidney function is still good, and the damage is still mild
• Stage 3a: Kidney function is less than optimal, with mild to moderate damage
• Stage 3b: Kidney function is suboptimal, with moderate to severe damage
• Stage 4: Kidneys are severely damaged and function minimally
• Stage 5: Kidneys are extremely damaged and either barely function or no longer function at all

The staging of chronic kidney disease depends on specific parameters from blood and urine tests, as well as the extent of damage the kidneys have sustained. More details on these diagnostic methods will be discussed later in this article. As for stage 3 specifically, it’s important to remember that while there may be some kidney damage, there is still significant kidney function. With proper medical treatment, much can be done to slow further damage.

What are the symptoms of stage 3 chronic kidney disease?

Many patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease don’t display any symptoms. Others, however, do experience some, as this tends to be the stage where CKD causes more health issues. Some possible symptoms include:

• Lower back pain
• Dry or itchy skin
• Cramping in muscles
• Fatigue and feeling weak
• Sleeping difficulties
• Swelling in the feet and hands
• Foamy or dark colored urine
• Decreased or increased urination
• Restless leg syndrome
• Unexplained weight loss
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite

It’s important to remember that many of these symptoms can have causes unrelated to chronic kidney disease. Their presence doesn’t necessarily indicate CKD, so patients should discuss them with their doctor to determine the next steps and consider appropriate testing.

What causes chronic kidney disease stage 3?

CKD tends to be caused when an underlying disease or condition affects kidney function. There are multiple possibilities for this, but here are some more common causes:

• High blood pressure: Also known as hypertension.
• Genetic kidney diseases: Such as polycystic kidney disease.
• Diabetes: Both Type 1 and Type 2 can cause CKD.
• Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli (which help the kidneys filter waste).
• Vesicoureteral reflux: A condition where urine backs up into the kidneys.
• Interstitial nephritis: Kidney tubule inflammation.
• Prolonged urinary tract obstruction: This can be caused by kidney stones, certain cancers and enlarged prostates.
• Recurring kidney infections: Also referred to as pyelonephritis.
• Kidney damage from drug use: Illicit drugs can cause kidney damage over time.

How is chronic kidney disease diagnosed?

There are several methods to help doctors diagnose chronic kidney disease and determine its stage. Here are the most common tests.

Blood tests

There are two primary methods used to stage CKD. The first test is the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Glomeruli are tiny filters within the kidneys that help remove toxins from the body. When they don’t function properly, as in chronic kidney disease, more toxins build up in the bloodstream, which is why blood levels are tested. It’s important to note that low-functioning glomeruli can be caused by factors other than CKD. Additionally, a normal eGFR does not always rule out kidney disease, as some levels of kidney damage may not be detected. For this reason, eGFR is typically repeated over time, and other evaluation methods are used alongside it.

Urine tests

Another test used to help diagnose CKD is a urine analysis that looks for a protein called albumin. This protein is typically found in the blood, not the urine, and plays a role in muscle repair, muscle building and fighting infection. If albumin is detected in the urine, it may indicate that the kidneys are not functioning properly, allowing this protein to leak through the glomeruli filters. While the presence of albumin in the urine can suggest chronic kidney disease, it’s important to note that other factors such as dehydration, infection, hypertension and diabetes can also cause this result.

Medical imaging

Because staging is partially dependent on assessing kidney damage, medical imaging is a valuable tool for CKD diagnosis. Here are the most common imaging types used to evaluate kidney health:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRIs use magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed internal images of the patient’s organs and surrounding structures. The patient lies still in the tube-like MRI machine, which produces scans that can reveal potential kidney damage or blockages.
• Ultrasounds: Ultrasounds use high-frequency sound waves produced by a handheld device called a transducer. The transducer is moved externally across the kidney area, and the sound waves bounce off internal organs and structures, creating images that are captured for analysis.
• Computed tomography (CT) scan: The donut-shaped CT scan machine uses cross-sectional X-rays to create detailed images of internal organs and structures. While there is exposure to low-dose radiation, it is considered safe for most patients.

Biopsy

This procedure involves taking a small tissue sample from the patient’s kidney to assess it for damage in a laboratory. It may be performed as a needle biopsy, where an ultrasound is used to guide the doctor as they insert the needle through the skin and into the kidney, with numbing and relaxation medications to make the patient more comfortable. In some cases, a laparoscopic biopsy may be needed, where the doctor surgically removes a tiny tissue sample using a thin, lighted tube with a camera. This procedure is performed under anesthesia.

Kidney ultrasound

Health impacts of stage 3 chronic kidney disease

Stage 3 kidney disease means the patient has kidney damage, but the kidneys still function well enough that a kidney transplant or dialysis—medical treatments used to remove excess fluid and waste from the blood—are not yet needed.

Complications can begin in stage 3 CKD, but many patients do not experience them. Some complications that may occur include:

• Mineral and bone complications: Phosphorus and calcium levels can become imbalanced, increasing the risk of heart disease and bone conditions.
• Anemia: This involves abnormally low levels of red blood cells and can cause weakness and fatigue.
• Metabolic acidosis: This is the build-up of acid in the blood. If untreated, it can lead to bone thinning (osteoporosis), muscle weakness and other complications.
• Cardiovascular disease: Patients with CKD are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease at all stages, with the risk rising further in later stages, such as stage 4 or 5.

Fortunately, many patients in stage 3 do not experience these conditions. It is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations, such as possibly having regular screenings, to monitor for any changes.

How is stage 3 chronic kidney disease treated?

Much of the treatment for stage 3 CKD depends on the condition that caused it in the first place. Often, treating this condition can help reduce further damage to the kidneys. Specific treatment plans will vary depending on the patient’s medical history and their provider’s recommendations. Common treatments include:

• Supplements for bone health: Vitamin D and calcium are possible supplements to maintain bone health.
• Medications for diabetes: If CKD was caused by diabetes, treating this disease may help prevent further damage.
• Diuretics: To combat swelling and water retention, these medications help the body eliminate excess water and salt.
• Blood pressure medications: Reducing high blood pressure can help slow or reduce kidney damage.
• Medications for kidney function: Examples include SGLT2 inhibitors, which help protect the kidneys and reduce blood sugar.
• Possible lifestyle changes: Some patients may benefit from lifestyle adjustments, such as a specific diet or increased physical activity.
• A possible change in previous medications: Some unrelated medications may worsen chronic kidney disease, in which case the physician may recommend alternatives.

Getting your results

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your results are securely accessible as soon as the report is available, allowing you to review them often before your follow-up visit.

As for who interprets your results, a radiologist—an expert in interpreting medical images—will carefully review your kidney scans and provide a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring doctor, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history, can offer additional insights and recommendations based on the results. In the case of biopsies or blood and urine tests, the laboratory that studies these cells should send your results to your referring provider.

For patients trying to decipher their imaging reports, it’s common to find medical terminology somewhat confusing, but Report Reader helps you to better understand your report by offering clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms—simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning. This can make it easier for patients to understand imaging results and better prepare for their follow-up appointments.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding chronic kidney disease.

Is it possible to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease?

While chronic kidney disease can’t be cured, CKD progression can often be slowed through a combination of possible medications, lifestyle and diet changes and treating the underlying cause of the kidney damage. Stage 3 is an especially important time to take steps to reduce progression, as this tends to be when kidneys start to experience more problems. Patients should ask their doctor for recommendations.

Can you reverse stage 3 chronic kidney disease?

While kidney damage cannot be reversed, its progression can often be slowed with medical intervention and lifestyle changes. For patients who may progress to the advanced stages of the disease, treatment options include dialysis or a kidney transplant. However, for many patients, following their doctor’s treatment guidelines can significantly delay or even prevent progression.

How are diabetes and chronic kidney disease related?

Diabetes is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease, accounting for up to 44% of new CKD cases. It occurs when the body has high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or the ineffective use of insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels). Diabetes has multiple health effects, including damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys, which can lead to CKD. Managing diabetes through treatment can often help slow the progression of kidney disease.

Can chronic kidney disease be prevented?

CKD prevention is not always possible, as it depends on the underlying disease or condition causing the kidney damage. However, for many patients, significant preventative measures can be taken, such as lifestyle changes or medical management of other health issues. It may be a good idea to discuss these preventive strategies with your healthcare provider to see which specific recommendations may apply.

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your kidney scans. All of your vital imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. Reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, if needed. Additionally, it makes it easy to track health changes over time, such as with repeat imaging like ultrasounds or MRIs. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

PocketHealth MyCare Navigator gives personalized insights into your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This feature can also generate individualized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation. A CKD diagnosis may feel overwhelming, but working closely with your providers can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your kidney health.

The post Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 – Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment appeared first on PocketHealth.

The ability to analyze your X-rays or MRIs can help providers like physiotherapists design treatment programs that materially improve the results of your care. Alternatively, if you have a health condition that requires consultations with specialists, being able to securely and easily share your digital medical images and reports leads to better health outcomes. It also helps prevent delays in testing or treatments, as easily accessible medical records allow physicians to move on to the next steps without waiting for record transfers.

Common barriers to sharing medical imaging records

Many patients still rely on outdated methods, such as physical copies or CDs, to transfer their medical images. More frequently, patients must contact the clinic directly to request and initiate record sharing. Regardless, This process can be frustrating and inefficient due to several factors:

• Time-consuming retrieval: While less common these days, some patients need to visit imaging clinics in person, obtain physical copies, and then distribute them manually to multiple providers. Physical media can also be easily lost or accessed by unauthorized individuals, compromising privacy.
• Release of information processes: Whether the records are physical or digital, most clinics require the patient to officially authorize the transfer or sharing of their records. There are exceptions, but most patient privacy protection laws require permission to be given in advance for record sharing. This necessity can delay the process.
• Waiting on medical records to arrive: Many imaging clinics and facilities rely on their medical records department to transfer and share patient records. If the department is busy or has a backlog of requests, it can take a week or more to send these records.
• Incomplete records: It is not uncommon for an important imaging report or result to be missed when shared with another facility. When records are missing, steps must be taken to have them sent so the physician can have a complete record of the patient, which can lead to delays.

All of these common record sharing requirements can lead to time-consuming frustration. There is, however, a better way to share your medical images and reports.

Introducing a modern solution for record sharing

Many hospitals and imaging clinics now store their images and reports digitally. Not only do digital platforms simplify the access and sharing of medical imaging, but they also reduce the space required for environmentally controlled physical storage.

Modern digital tools allow for direct, encrypted sharing. With the right platform, you can share your medical images and reports with specialists and treatment providers wherever they are, no matter where you might be. You can share your imaging in clear diagnostic quality with your local RMT or an internationally renowned surgeon across the globe.

PocketHealth’s role in simplifying secure sharing

PocketHealth gives you secure access to your medical imaging and the ability to instantly share your images in diagnostic quality on any device (phone, computer or tablet). Eliminate the need for physical CDs and overcome the limitations of clinic-specific portals while ensuring lifelong storage of your medical images and reports.

We have a simple, straightforward signup process that enables you to access imaging records from more than 800 hospitals and imaging clinics. Once you register, you’ll automatically be notified when any new medical images are released. You can share those images as needed, with family healthcare providers.

Pockethealth also offers tools to help you better understand your results and become a more active participant in your care. Report Reader provides clear, easy-to-understand definitions of complex medical terms in your reports, so you’ll be fully informed and aware when you meet with specialists. This is paired with illustrations and highlights of anatomy in your imaging so you can better understand your results. MyCare Navigator not only surfaces follow-up recommendations but also provides you with a personalized list of questions for your doctor to help you steer follow-up appointments and make more informed decisions about your care.

The impact of easy access to medical imaging

Having control over your medical imaging records can make a significant difference in your healthcare experience. Here are a few real-life examples of patients who have benefited from digital access:

• Ruth’s routine mammograms were interrupted by COVID-19. When she was finally able to return, the radiologist discovered breast cancer. She turned to PocketHealth to ensure she always had instant access to her health history, because having control over her records made her feel more in control of her health.
• PocketHealth also makes it possible to share medical images with family members. Aileen was battling metastatic breast cancer and a brain tumour during the pandemic, which meant her husband couldn’t accompany her to her imaging appointments. PocketHealth allowed him to see all her X-rays, MRIs and mammograms, so he could much better support her on her health journey.
• Dave has stage 3 pancreatic cancer, making medical imaging a routine part of his life. When he discovered PocketHealth, he gained access to his imaging records dating back to 2013. This allowed him to review his history at his own pace, track changes in his condition, and come prepared with informed questions for his doctor.

Take control of your medical imaging

Traditional methods for sharing medical images are time-consuming and put extra responsibility and effort on your shoulders. When you adopt secure, patient-friendly digital solutions, the result is better and more seamless care coordination. Both you and your healthcare providers will be fully up to date, and you’ll have secure, easy access to your medical images and reports from any device.

Accessing and sharing your medical images and reports allows you to fully understand the progression of your health and make informed decisions about next steps. PocketHealth is a fast, easy and secure solution for sharing your images.

The post How to Share Your Medical Imaging Records Securely with Multiple Providers appeared first on PocketHealth.

While this article provides helpful information, if you have a thyroid nodule, your doctor or other members of your care team will interpret your results and recommend treatment. However, if you’d like early access to your results, PocketHealth offers secure, instant access to your report when it is available. This provides improved understanding and allows you to review the findings before your follow-up appointment and prepare any questions in advance.

What are thyroid nodules?

A thyroid nodule is a bump or lump that forms on the thyroid, a gland in the neck involved in the endocrine system. These nodules may be filled with fluid or be solid, depending on their type. The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland helps regulate processes such as metabolism and heart rate through hormone production.

When thyroid cells grow uncontrollably, they may form a nodule. The vast majority of these nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but in rare cases, they can become cancerous (malignant), requiring treatment. Fortunately, most thyroid cancers have a high success rate for recovery. Depending on the type of thyroid nodule, it may grow over time, shrink or remain stable. Repeat imaging is often performed regularly to monitor any changes in size.

Thyroid nodule types

There are several types of nodules that may develop on the thyroid gland, including:

• Cysts: Fluid-filled growths on the thyroid that are very rarely cancerous.
• Toxic adenoma: A type of nodule that causes the thyroid to produce excess hormones, resulting in hyperthyroidism. This is also rarely cancerous.
• Thyroid adenoma: Benign nodules that usually don’t need treatment. Most doctors will simply monitor them over time for any changes.
• Colloid nodules: These benign nodules result from the overgrowth of thyroid tissue. They can grow large in size but are non-cancerous and are among the most common nodule types.
• Multinodular goiters: A goiter isn’t technically a nodule. It occurs when the thyroid becomes swollen, typically due to iodine deficiency (a mineral found in certain foods or table salts) or caused by autoimmune factors. Goiters only require treatment when they become symptomatic. A multinodular goiter, however, occurs when the thyroid is both swollen and has growths. These growths are usually non-cancerous, but testing for cancer is typically done to be certain.
• Inflammatory nodules: Chronic inflammation in the thyroid can lead to the development of these types of nodules.
• Thyroid cancers: Four types of thyroid cancer may develop from cancerous cells: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Treatment varies depending on the type. While a cancer diagnosis can be stressful, thyroid cancer occurs at a much lower rate than many other types of cancer. Additionally, the majority of cases have an excellent prognosis and high rates of successful treatment.

What are the symptoms of thyroid nodules?

The majority of thyroid nodules are symptomless and only discovered through routine exams or unrelated tests. When these nodules do cause symptoms, they may include:

• A lump located on the patient’s neck
• Ear, jaw or neck pain
• Breathing difficulties from a large nodule
• Vocal changes such as hoarseness
• Thyroid swelling

If the nodule is causing an overactive thyroid that produces too many hormones (hyperthyroidism), these symptoms may include:

• Unexplained weight loss
• Diarrhea
• Menstrual irregularities
• Anxiousness
• Heart palpitations
• Disordered sleeping
• An increase in appetite

If the nodule is causing lower thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism), symptoms may include:

• Unexplained weight gain
• Hand numbness or tingling
• Heavier and more frequent menstrual cycles
• Unexplained fatigue
• Hair and skin dryness
• Constipation

What causes thyroid nodules?

It is currently unknown what causes thyroid nodules to form, but they are a common occurrence and are usually benign. Some factors that may contribute to these nodules forming include:

• Iodine deficiency (uncommon in the U.S. and Canada): This occurs when someone doesn’t get enough of this mineral in their diet. Most table salts have iodine added to them, as do many processed foods, which is why this is less common in countries with highly processed diets.
• Hashimoto’s disease: This autoimmune disease causes the body to attack the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation, nodules and hypothyroidism.
• Family history: Having family members who have experienced thyroid nodules can increase the patient’s risk of developing them. However, it’s important to remember that nodules are very common regardless.
• Radiation exposure: Patients with previous radiation exposure, such as from medical therapies, may be more prone to developing thyroid nodules.
• Assigned sex at birth: Patients who were assigned female at birth tend to have higher rates of thyroid nodules.

How are thyroid nodules diagnosed?

Thyroid nodules can be discovered in multiple ways. Here is a brief overview of the most common methods.

Physical examination

Some patients may discover a lump on their thyroid while examining their neck. When this happens, it is often recommended that they follow up with a physician for additional testing.

Other times, the lump is discovered by a physician during a routine exam or if the patient has concerns. The physician will likely ask the patient to swallow during the examination, as the nodule often moves up and down during this action, which can help indicate the condition. If a lump is found, additional testing is common. Meanwhile, the physician may also check for signs of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, such as faster or slower heart rates than expected.

Blood test

Blood tests help determine if thyroid hormone levels are within expected baselines. Higher or lower levels than typical may indicate a thyroid disorder, such as hyperthyroidism. This is also a cause for progressing to next steps, such as an ultrasound appointment.

Thyroid ultrasound

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland

Ultrasounds are an imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to evaluate internal structures. The ultrasound technician uses a hand-held wand-like device called a transducer, which emits these sound waves as it is moved along the area being scanned, which in the case of thyroid nodules would be the neck.

Sound waves bounce off internal organs and tissues, echoing back to create images that can be captured and studied. In this case, hypoechoic thyroid nodules and cysts would be visible, allowing physicians to better understand their location and type. It is not uncommon for patients to have regular thyroid ultrasounds, especially if results are inconclusive or the provider wants to watch for changes in size or nodule features.

Thyroid scan

Thyroid ultrasounds are the most common imaging technique for nodules; however, nuclear scans may be helpful if more details are required. In this procedure, a small amount of radioactive iodine is injected into the patient’s bloodstream and absorbed by their body’s tissues. A gamma camera is then used to capture images of how this radiotracer is absorbed, which helps determine how the nodules behave.

Hot nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, so they absorb more of the radiotracer than normal. These are nearly always benign but may indicate hyperthyroidism. Cold nodules absorb less of the isotope than expected, which may sometimes be a sign of cancer. However, even cold nodules are often benign. The scan serves as a starting point for the provider to suggest additional testing or recommendations, as the scan itself cannot determine if the nodule is cancerous.

Biopsy

One of the more reliable ways to test for thyroid cancer is through a biopsy, which allows the nodule cells to be evaluated. This is done by inserting a very thin needle into the nodule to collect cells for laboratory analysis. This procedure is often performed with the guidance of an ultrasound to direct the needle to the correct area.

While it may sound stressful, most patients return to their routine immediately afterward and often with no required preparations in advance. However, patients expecting to have a thyroid nodule biopsy should consult their physician for instructions. It is not uncommon to have a repeat biopsy if there are inconclusive results.

How are thyroid nodules treated?

Thyroid nodule treatment methods depend on the type of nodule the patient has. Watchful waiting and monitoring through diagnostic imaging is a common approach since most thyroid nodules are benign and many cause no symptoms or problems. This means the nodule may be regularly assessed to monitor for growth (such as through repeat ultrasounds and bloodwork) or the development of symptoms, but otherwise, it will be left alone. Other possible treatments include:

• Medications for hypothyroidism: If a thyroid disorder is causing lower thyroid hormone levels, hormone therapies are commonly used to correct this.
• Medications for hyperthyroidism: Radioactive iodine is a common treatment for this condition. The thyroid absorbs this iodine, shrinking the size of the nodules and helping symptoms improve. Other medications, such as methimazole, may also be used for similar purposes.
• Surgery: If a thyroid nodule is non-cancerous but causing obstructions with breathing or swallowing, it can be surgically removed. Cancerous nodules may also be surgically removed, or even part or the entire thyroid gland if needed. If necessary, a medical dose of thyroid hormone can be taken long-term following thyroid surgery.
• Alcohol ablation: This is a way to manage small thyroid nodules that are benign or cancerous. The physician injects a tiny amount of alcohol into the nodule, effectively destroying it.

Getting my results

The scanning or ultrasound technician is not generally allowed to discuss results during the scan. They can answer questions about the appointment but not the imaging results. Here are some common questions regarding getting thyroid imaging results back.

When will I get my results?

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your results are securely accessible as soon as the report is available, allowing you to review them often before your follow-up visit.

Who interprets my results?

A radiologist—an expert in interpreting medical images—will carefully review your thyroid scans and provide a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring doctor, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history, can offer additional insights and recommendations based on the results. In the case of nodule biopsies, the laboratory that studies these cells should send your results to your referring provider.

Understanding your results

It’s common to find medical terminology somewhat confusing, but Report Reader helps you to better understand your report by offering clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms—simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning.

For patients seeking to understand thyroid nodule results or their ultrasound report, this section will briefly cover common terminology in these tests. That said, your medical provider will provide any official interpretations of your results.

Normal vs abnormal thyroid nodule results

Much of the time, thyroid imaging such as ultrasounds or nuclear scans will indicate if the nodule is a cyst, a tumor or has other physical characteristics. Sometimes this is enough information for the provider to plan the next steps, such as if it is a benign cyst. If a biopsy is needed to rule out cancer or other conditions, the American Thyroid Association outlines typical biopsy results:

• Benign finding: Up to 80% of thyroid nodule biopsies end up being non-cancerous.
• Malignant finding: This is generally found in 5% of nodule biopsies, with papillary cancer being the most common type. Fortunately, this variety has very high cure rates.
• Indeterminate finding: This result occurs in up to 20% of biopsies and may indicate that the results can’t be definitively classified as benign or malignant. In 20-30% of these cases, it could be follicular cancer, but that diagnosis is only confirmed through surgery. Next steps may include removing part of the thyroid containing the nodule for further assessment or repeat evaluation such as another biopsy in the future.
• Nondiagnostic/inadequate finding: In fewer than 5% of biopsies, the number of cells collected is not enough to make a diagnosis. A follow-up biopsy is common, but medical providers will likely base their recommendations on the individual and their health history.

Getting support

Most thyroid nodules are benign, but for patients who do face a thyroid cancer diagnosis, the majority of these cancers have a very good prognosis. Still, being diagnosed with any type of cancer can feel overwhelming. Your physician will likely have local support resources available, but here are some online resources that may be helpful:

• Thyroid Cancer Survivors’ Association
• Cancer Care
• American Cancer Society
• Canadian Cancer Society

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding thyroid nodules.

What is the outlook for thyroid nodules?

The overall outlook for thyroid nodules is very good, as the majority of nodules turn out to be benign, and the small cases of thyroid cancer are usually papillary types, which are highly treatable. There are rarer types of thyroid cancer that are more difficult to treat, but these cases are in the minority.

Do thyroid nodules cause weight gain?

Sometimes nodules cause weight gain. It depends on the type of nodule and how it behaves. If it is causing the thyroid gland to be underactive, called hypothyroidism, it may decrease metabolism and lead to weight gain or water retention. Thyroid nodules that cause the thyroid gland to be overactive (hyperthyroidism) may increase metabolism, which can make the patient feel hungrier than usual. If they consequently overeat, some patients may experience weight gain as well. Treatment for either condition often resolves this.

Can thyroid nodules disappear on their own?

Sometimes certain thyroid nodules may go away without surgical removal. This is more likely if it is a fluid-filled cystic nodule, if it is a smaller size or if it was caused by temporary underlying conditions, such as thyroid inflammation.

What features are suspicious on a thyroid ultrasound?

Features that may warrant investigation in a thyroid nodule include irregular borders instead of smooth ones, tissue breakdown or necrosis within the nodule, increased vascularity (meaning more blood flow to the growth) and microcalcifications that appear as tiny white spots. However, these aspects don’t necessarily indicate cancer; they are simply starting points for further evaluation and testing, such as a biopsy.

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your ultrasounds and other medical scans. All of your vital imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. Reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team if needed. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

PocketHealth MyCare Navigator gives personalized insights into your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This feature can also generate individualized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation.

The post Thyroid Nodules: What to Know and What to Expect appeared first on PocketHealth.

While this article provides helpful information, if you have PCOS, your doctor will share your results officially during a follow-up appointment or phone call. However, if you’d like early access to your ultrasound results, PocketHealth offers secure, instant access to your report when it is available. This allows you to review the findings before your follow-up appointment and prepare any questions in advance.

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

Though much is still being discovered about PCOS, it is known to be a metabolic and hormonal condition that can develop after puberty. It affects menstruation and menstrual regularity, leads to an excess of ovarian follicles, may reduce ovulation and results in excess androgen hormones. Androgens are medically termed “male” sex hormones, such as testosterone. Everyone, regardless of gender or sex, has both “male” and “female” sex hormones. However, when there is an imbalance in these reproductive hormones, such as with PCOS, it can cause the symptoms mentioned above.

Due to these reproductive and hormonal issues, infertility can occur, which is a common secondary condition. Additionally, it may cause other conditions, such as diabetes or metabolic issues. PCOS currently has no cure, but there are various treatments to help patients manage the disease. Some patients experience varying severity of symptoms, meaning the disease may present itself or be experienced in multiple ways, differing with individual cases. Meanwhile, it continues to be studied and treatments continue to evolve.

Antral follicles vs ovarian cysts

Another aspect of PCOS is the possibility of having excess follicles on the ovaries, called antral follicles. Many people use the term “cysts” interchangeably with antral follicles, but while they are similar, they are not quite the same. As a result, the name “polycystic ovarian syndrome” can be a bit misleading. A follicle is a tiny, fluid-filled sac within the ovary that typically measures 2-9 mm and contains an immature egg. In AFAB patients, multiple follicles develop, with one typically releasing an immature egg during ovulation.

PCOS patients often do not experience ovulation as frequently as is typical. As a result, they may have more follicles than most people, since these follicles do not develop enough to release the egg and dissolve as they should. Instead, the follicles remain on the ovaries, which is a key indicator of the condition.

When a follicle doesn’t release an egg but continues to grow, it can become a fluid-filled sac known as an ovarian cyst. Alternatively, if the follicle doesn’t grow but still doesn’t release the egg, it can resemble a cyst without technically being one. This is the case with PCOS. Despite the name, many patients with PCOS don’t actually have cysts, though some may have both. Instead, they may have numerous follicles that resemble cysts. There has been significant discussion within the medical community about renaming the condition due to this confusion.

What are the symptoms of PCOS?

The most common symptoms of PCOS include:

• Hirsutism: Abnormal hair growth on the patient’s abdomen, chest, face or other areas.
• Weight gain: This is especially common in the abdomen area.
• Irregular menstruation: This may cause periods to skip cycles, come too frequently or even stop completely. It may also cause abnormally heavy bleeding.
• Acne: Acne can be a sign of PCOS.
• Thinning hair: This could be overall thinning or mimic male-pattern baldness.
• Infertility: Menstrual and ovulation irregularities can affect fertility and make conception more difficult.
• Skin tags: These are small skin growths that resemble a bump or wart, often found in the neck or armpit region for PCOS patients.
• Abnormally dark patches of skin: Areas of skin darker than surrounding areas may be seen around the groin, armpits, neck and beneath the breasts.

While many of these symptoms can be a sign of PCOS, it’s helpful to remember there are numerous other possible causes. Bringing these up with a doctor may be a good idea to help rule out various conditions, but many patients may experience these as a normal aspect of their health without any underlying cause or condition.

What causes PCOS?

A singular cause of PCOS has yet to be pinpointed, but there are some linked factors. Patients are more likely to develop this condition if:

• They have insulin resistance: Insulin is how the body processes sugar. When the body is unable to process it normally, it can increase blood sugar, which may cause the ovaries to respond by producing excess hormones. These hormones can lead to weight gain, acne and irregular hair growth.
• Higher androgen levels: When these levels are imbalanced, it can affect ovulation, which is when the ovaries grow and release an egg for reproduction. This reduced ovulation can also cause the ovaries to form multiple follicles, which are small sacs filled with fluid and an immature egg.
• Family history of the disease: When other family members have had PCOS, the likelihood is higher for the patient.
• Chronic inflammation: There is a strong link between long-term inflammation and PCOS. Doctors can evaluate this inflammation by measuring the patient’s white blood cells and C-reactive proteins. These markers can indicate inflammation.

What three symptoms are needed for a PCOS diagnosis?

Patients may experience some symptoms of PCOS for unrelated reasons, meaning other medical conditions may mimic PCOS. For this reason, and because there is a great deal of variation in patients’ experiences, there are some qualifiers for being officially diagnosed with this disease. Patients must experience at least two of the following three criteria:

• High androgen levels: These reproductive hormone levels can be measured through blood tests.
• Irregular or missing menstrual cycles: This criteria includes having 8 or fewer periods within a year. However, many PCOS patients have regular cycles, so this may not always apply.
• Follicles: If multiple follicles are seen on the patient’s ovaries via pelvic ultrasound, this can be a sign of PCOS. Some diagnostic criteria require at least 12 follicles, but there are exceptions to this requirement, and not all patients will meet this prerequisite despite having the disease.

Diagnosing PCOS with an ultrasound

Ultrasound of polycystic ovaries

Because multiple ovarian follicles can be an important indicator of the disease, ultrasounds are a standard tool in helping physicians make a diagnosis. Here is an overview of how ultrasounds work as well as what to expect.

What is an ultrasound?

Ultrasounds use high-frequency sound waves to create internal images. These sound waves are produced by a hand-held device called a transducer, which can be directed to specific areas for assessment, such as the ovaries. As the sound waves bounce off internal structures and organs, they generate an image that can be stored and analyzed later.

What is a transvaginal ultrasound?

Depending on the area to be assessed, ultrasounds can be external, such as with an abdominal ultrasound where the transducer is moved across the abdomen, or internal, such as with a transvaginal ultrasound. A transvaginal ultrasound involves inserting the transducer into the vagina to achieve clearer imaging. PCOS patients may undergo both types of ultrasounds if recommended by their provider, allowing for thorough imaging from multiple angles.

How is a PCOS ultrasound performed?

If the patient is having both an external and internal ultrasound (which is common), here’s what to expect:

1. For abdominal ultrasounds, many patients are asked to arrive with a full bladder, as this can improve the conduction of the sound waves and help tilt organs into better positions for clearer views.
2. During the abdominal portion of the exam, the patient will lie on their back on the exam table. The abdomen will be accessed, and a conductive gel will be applied. The ultrasound technician will move the transducer across the abdomen, capturing images on a computer as specific angles are achieved.
3. After the abdominal portion (if applicable), the patient will be asked to empty their bladder and return for the internal portion of the scan, changing into a hospital gown in preparation.
4. The patient will lie on the exam table, and the transducer will be covered with gel before vaginal insertion. Images of the ovaries will be captured from this position, similar to the abdominal portion.
5. Once the exam is complete, the patient can return to their usual routine.

How to prepare for a PCOS ultrasound

Here are some tips for preparing for an ultrasound appointment:

• Double-check any preparation instructions: It’s helpful to review any preparation requirements beforehand, such as whether arriving with a full bladder is necessary.
• Bring your requisition or ultrasound form: While the imaging facility may already have your forms, bringing your paperwork may save check-in time if they don’t have it on hand.
• Bring your health card or insurance card: Many clinics require a health or insurance card. A photo I.D. is also commonly needed for check-in.
• Wear comfortable clothes: Wearing something that allows easy access to the abdomen can make the external portion of the ultrasound easier. Also, wearing clothes that are easy to change in and out of is helpful when transitioning into a hospital gown.

Getting my results

Here is some information regarding what to expect with PCOS ultrasound results.

Who interprets my results?

Medical imaging of all types is generally interpreted by a radiologist, a physician who specializes in evaluating medical scans. If applicable, they may compare current scans to past ones, if available, to make comparisons or look for changes. In the case of PCOS, the referring provider may also give input on the results based on the patient’s medical history and other tests. Since this condition affects multiple aspects of health, PCOS care may involve specialists such as endocrinologists, gynecologists or other relevant professionals.

When will I get my results?

Turnaround times for ultrasound results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your results are securely accessible as soon as they’re available, allowing you to review them often before your follow-up visit.

Understanding my results

Your physician will provide your results at your follow-up appointment or phone call. For those with early access to their records, it may be helpful to review it in advance so that they can prepare questions ahead of time. It’s common to find medical terminology somewhat confusing, but Report Reader helps you to better understand your report by offering clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms—simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning.

PocketHealth also helps patients connect with their results by automatically identifying the organs and bones within their scans. AI-powered anatomical visualization is integrated into the imaging records, enhancing understanding and clarity.

For patients seeking to understand their ultrasound results, this section will briefly cover common terminology found in these types of scans. That said, your medical provider will provide any official interpretations of your results.

Normal Results

If your ultrasound results are normal, you might see terminology in your report such as:

• Unremarkable
• No abnormalities found
• No abnormalities detected
• No ovarian cysts

It may also indicate that the number of follicles is as expected. However, keep in mind that some patients with PCOS may not show abnormalities in follicle count or cysts. This is just one of three possible criteria. If it hasn’t been done already, your doctor may recommend blood work to assess androgen levels.

Abnormal results

Historically, diagnosing polycystic ovaries required the presence of 12 or more antral follicles. Some doctors consider this number outdated, as advancements in ultrasound technology have made it easier to detect follicles, potentially normalizing this count. As a result, some specialists suggest that the number of follicles required for diagnosis should be higher. Your doctor will likely consider your results alongside other factors, such as androgen levels, before making a definitive diagnosis. You may want to ask them if they have specific parameters or diagnostic markers they use, as these can vary.

Here are some examples of abnormal PCOS ultrasound results:

• A higher-than-expected number of antral follicles, which may form a cluster resembling a “string of pearls”
• Multiple ovarian cysts (though this can also indicate other conditions)
• An enlarged ovary or ovaries
• Thicker ovaries than expected

How is PCOS treated?

There are several treatment options, which may vary depending on the symptoms a patient experiences and their personal goals, such as improving fertility. Here are some common treatment types, often used in combination:

• Menstrual regulation: This is typically achieved with hormonal birth control, which can restore regular cycles and may also help with other hormonal side effects, such as acne and excess hair growth.
• Fertility treatments: These can include medications to improve ovulation or in vitro fertilization (IVF). Additional discussions of fertility will be mentioned next in this article.
• Medications for diabetes: Since many PCOS patients are at a higher risk for developing Type 2 diabetes, medications to lower insulin levels are commonly prescribed. These may also help reduce androgen hormones.
• Medications to lower androgens: Drugs that block androgens may help manage side effects like hair loss and facial hair.
• Lifestyle changes: This can include exercise, healthy nutrition or following an anti-inflammatory diet.

PCOS and fertility

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is one of the leading causes of infertility, which has led to increased research on the condition. PCOS can also cause complications during pregnancy, which is why finding an obstetrician experienced with this condition can be helpful. They can evaluate and treat pregnancy complications such as:

• Preeclampsia and high blood pressure complications
• Gestational diabetes
• Higher rates of C-sections due to complications
• Preterm labor (before 37 weeks gestation)

Despite these elevated risks, many patients with PCOS have healthy pregnancies and are able to conceive with little or no medical intervention. Others may require fertility medications or in vitro fertilization. While the process may seem stressful, many fertility specialists have extensive experience helping PCOS patients get pregnant and have healthy deliveries. If you’re interested in conceiving, you may want to consider asking your doctor for recommendations for fertility specialists or obstetricians experienced with PCOS pregnancies.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some commonly asked questions regarding PCOS.

Does having PCOS put me at risk for other health conditions?

According to the CDC, there are several health conditions that individuals with PCOS may be at a higher risk of developing due to the higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome often associated with the condition. However, many of these risks can be reduced or managed with proper treatment for PCOS. Here are some to be aware of:

• High blood pressure and LDL cholesterol: The metabolic effects of PCOS can influence blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
• Sleep apnea: This condition causes interruptions in breathing during sleep. It is highly treatable through therapies like continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices or other treatments.
• Heart disease: Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of heart disease in those with PCOS.
• Diabetes: The likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes is higher in individuals with PCOS. Fortunately, treatments for diabetes, such as medications like metformin, can also help manage PCOS symptoms by improving insulin resistance.

What is the difference between PCOS and endometriosis?

Because both of these conditions affect AFAB patients and can impact menstruation and fertility, they are often confused with each other. However, they are quite different. PCOS occurs due to an excess of androgen hormones and other factors, whereas endometriosis is when cells from the uterine lining (endometrium) grow outside the uterus, such as on the ovaries, fallopian tubes and other areas. Endometriosis causes painful periods, scar tissue formation and other factors that can lead to fertility challenges. Fortunately, there are specialists for endometriosis, just as there are for PCOS, who can help patients navigate treatment and fertility options.

Will PCOS go away with menopause?

The metabolic and hormonal symptoms of PCOS do not go away with menopause, even if menstrual issues are alleviated. Ongoing treatment throughout the patient’s lifetime is generally recommended to manage the symptoms and effects of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Proper medical management can significantly improve the patient’s quality of life and overall health.

Can I have PCOS without symptoms?

Yes, some patients have mild or no noticeable PCOS symptoms. As time progresses, some may start to experience outward symptoms, but some don’t realize they have PCOS until they encounter issues like unexplained weight gain or difficulty conceiving.

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your ultrasound reports and other diagnostic imaging records. All of your imaging results can be accessed online anytime. If needed, reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, including PCOS specialists. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

Another tool PocketHealth provides is MyCare Navigator, which gives personalized insights to your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This feature can also generate personalized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation.

The post PCOS Ultrasound: How to Prepare and What to Expect appeared first on PocketHealth.