That said, there are still ways to simplify this access, and some clinics and health care facilities may still use outdated sharing methods, which can be frustrating for patients. A 2023 study found that 4 out of 5 Canadians want access to their electronic health data, but only 2 out of 5 have actually ever done so. This is due to factors such as cost, disjointed records and confusing processes that can be difficult to initiate.

With so many different clinics, hospitals and specialists, many patients must contact each one individually to request their records, and even then, they may receive limited access to the information.

This article explains the need for streamlined solutions for patients who want to view their electronic health records. It will also explain the legal and provincial rights of Canadian patients and how these rights relate to obtaining health data. Lastly, it will show how patients can securely access their medical imaging and reports and import any additional health records into PocketHealth.

Why it’s essential to have all your medical records together

There are many reasons why having your personal health information available in one place is beneficial. Below is a brief discussion of how it can help patients.

Coordinating care across providers

One of the most common reasons for easy access to personal health information is when a patient has multiple providers across different facilities. Sharing or transferring your health record often requires an official signed request and a small fee.

If you already have access to your records in one location, the process becomes more streamlined, saving time, effort and money. The more providers you see, the more important this consolidation becomes.

Besides reducing the effort of getting records to your physicians, it is also helpful when multiple providers are kept up to date with your health information. This can reduce redundant testing and excessive appointments, lower the likelihood of errors and support coordination in your care.

Managing family health

Another benefit of having patient records in one place is that it’s easier for family caregivers or substitute decision-makers to stay informed. This includes parents of children with elevated health needs or adult children supporting elderly parents who require medical care.

Easy access to these records can greatly assist the caretaker in managing doctor appointments, prescriptions and other health-related activities. In many cases, to be authorized, the caregiver must receive express consent from their family member when requesting records.

Having this information in one place can reduce the hassle of obtaining consent multiple times. It can also shorten wait times for patient data, prevent unnecessary appointments to establish care with multiple providers, avoid redundant testing and reduce other such barriers.

Moving or travelling

When moving or travelling, keeping track of your health data can quickly become complicated. Sometimes you need to provide a signature to legally release medical information, but not every facility offers electronic signing. This means you may need to request access in person, which can be difficult if you’re no longer in the area.

Unified electronic health records are especially helpful if you need them while moving or away from home. Travellers who unexpectedly need care abroad also benefit, as they have their important health history at their fingertips, even when seeing new health professionals in unfamiliar settings.

Tracking changes in your personal health

The ability to view records online can be very beneficial for managing a chronic health condition or tracking changes in your health history. This is especially important when there are frequent additions to your record, such as with repeat medical imaging or recurring lab tests. Monitoring developing changes can give you a better sense of control and involvement in your own health.

How to access your medical records in Canada

Knowing in advance how to access your personal health information in Canada can make the process simpler in the future. The following sections will show you how to request your data, explain your patient rights and describe what you can expect to see in your electronic health records.

Your right to access personal health information

When it comes to personal health information, each province and territory has its own legislation that gives patients the legal right to access their records. For example, in Ontario, this law is the Personal Health Information Protection Act, also known as PHIPA. It establishes how patients can obtain their records and how to request corrections, if needed.

There are similar laws in other provinces and territories, but they work the same way: by providing legal protections for patient data under the health information custodians who maintain these sensitive records. Your medical provider can give you specifics on which laws they follow if you wish to learn more.

For private-sector health records, these provincial laws may also apply, along with the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), a federal law that applies throughout Canada and sets rules for how private-sector health care organizations collect and disclose personal information.

Provincial portals and health organization systems

Currently, there is no fully functional electronic health record (EHR) system for all of Canada. Instead, patients often access their records at the provincial or medical organization level, such as through patient portals for specific hospitals or providers.

While these provincial and facility-specific portals are usually quite useful, there may be limitations on what data is available, as some records can be fragmented and require an official request to access.

Walk-in clinics and family doctors

Most walk-in clinics or family practitioners use systems accessible only to clinicians within that specific organization to maintain patient records. This means your records are often not shared with other health facilities unless specifically requested. Patient record systems may include third-party portals, in-house EMR systems or even traditional paper files and charts.

How easily patients can view these records depends on the tools and policies of individual clinics. Some may give patients access via patient portals, while others may require official requests to release such data and even charge a fee.

PocketHealth

Secure online health record platforms, such as PocketHealth, allow patients to access their medical imaging records and reports and to upload and import other health records to their account. These records can then be easily viewed and shared at the patient’s convenience.

What’s in a patient’s medical record?

Depending on the types of physicians and providers you see, your medical record may contain a variety of information. Overall, however, most patient health records include similar data, such as:

• Allergies
• Medical history
• Immunization records
• Test and lab results
• Current and past list of prescriptions and medications lists
• Patient demographics
• Radiology imaging and radiology reports
• Medical reports
• Clinical notes and appointment summaries
• Discharge summaries
• Orders and requisitions for referrals, lab and imaging tests, etc.
• Surgical histories

What’s the difference between an EMR and EHR?

EMRs (electronic medical records) refer to patient data created and stored in an isolated, independently maintained system accessible only to the health organization that created it. For example, walk-in clinics and family practitioners often use EMRs. Other physicians from outside facilities will not be able to see these records. Because each provider has their own EMR system, patients may have to request access to information from potentially several different EMRs from multiple providers.

EHRs (electronic health records), however, are designed to be widely shared and easily accessed by multiple providers and facilities. They are a compilation of the patient’s medical history, with records from various physicians and clinics the patient has seen in the past. EHRs differ from EMRs in that multiple facilities or practitioners can view the data without submitting a request.

An easier way to access your health records online in Canada

While patients’ access to medical records has improved, many health record portals still have gaps and shortcomings, such as fragmented or incomplete data. One solution is a tool like PocketHealth.

PocketHealth is an online platform where patients can securely view all their imaging records and reports in diagnostic quality. They can also upload and store other health records, keeping everything in one place under a single login.

From this platform, patients can easily share their records with any of their providers without the hassle of requesting formal access or paying transfer fees. They can also download and store their records for personal use at any time.

Additionally, PocketHealth’s built-in AI tools and personalized features help you better understand your reports, providing deeper insight into your own health. Some other strengths the platform offers include:

• Definitions for advanced medical terminology: Complex medical terms have simplified, easy-to-understand definitions.
• Recommended next steps: Follow-up recommendations are identified to help patients organize any next steps and ask personalized questions in an appointment with their providers.
• Family member record organization: Up to four additional family members’ records can also be accessed and stored in one location and under a single login.
• Enhanced understanding: Built-in tools highlight key anatomy in imaging reports to help patients better understand their results.

FAQs: Electronic medical records in Canada

Here are some common questions regarding online medical records for Canadians.

How do I get a copy of my medical records in Canada?

If you already have online portal permissions, you may be able to print or email your medical information to share with your care team. However, this depends on the system your provider uses and whether it allows patients to download their health information.

If not, you can contact your provider to request your records, either for yourself or to be sent to another facility. They typically have an official form for legal purposes and may charge a small fee. Once these requirements are met, there may be a short waiting period before the records are sent.

Can I get full access to my medical records?

In most cases, patients are legally entitled to full access if they make a formal request to their health provider, who acts as a custodian of their personal health information. In rare cases, complete access may be denied if:

• A different law prohibits the custodian from disclosing your health records
• The information is protected by client-solicitor privilege
• The health information could cause serious harm to the patient or another person
• The information is part of an ongoing investigation, inspection or could compromise a legal matter

Specifics of these exceptions may vary depending on the privacy laws your provider follows. Generally, the health information custodian must inform you of the reason for denial. If you believe the denial is unwarranted, you can file a complaint with the legal authority in your area.

Can walk-in clinics see your medical history?

Most walk-in clinics use their own separate, privately maintained EMR system, which means they typically do not have access to your full medical history from other providers. Sometimes, however, these clinics are part of a larger health system, which can give them wider access to your electronic health record.

How can I get my medical records online for free in Canada?

Getting your records for free depends on the health portal and clinic you use. Many offer portal access at no additional charge, but it will be limited to the information they have on file, and there may still be a small fee if you want them to send your data to another clinic.

If you’re looking for free access to download your medical images and reports, check out PocketHealth’s basic plan.

The post How to view my medical records online in Canada: A patient’s guide appeared first on PocketHealth.

However, the process of accessing medical records is often disjointed and confusing. As a result, only 2 in 5 Canadians have accessed their health information electronically.

Understanding the difference between electronic medical records (EMRs) and electronic health records (EHRs) can help you better navigate where your records are stored and who has access to them, allowing you to take a more active role in your care.

The consolidation of your medical records across different health systems makes it easier for health care providers to track your care, coordinate treatments and ensure that your clinical data is complete and up to date. These differences will be explained in more detail below, helping you to better understand your own patient records.

The difference between electronic health records (EHR) and electronic medical records (EMR)

Chances are, you’ve visited more than one doctor, clinic or hospital in your lifetime. You might be surprised to learn that in Canada, a patient’s medical history isn’t stored in a single, unified system. Different providers often use different electronic medical record systems to track your care, also known as EMR systems.

These digital records are essential for how health care professionals store, access and share your medical information. While the terms EMR and EHR are often used interchangeably, that one-word difference has a significant impact.

What is an EMR?

EMR stands for electronic medical record, which is a digitized version of a patient’s chart from a single medical facility or clinic.

The advantage of an EMR is that it replaces the traditional paper chart, making it easier for clinicians to track medical changes over time and identify patients who may need preventive screenings or follow-ups.

The disadvantage of an EMR is that data doesn’t easily flow outside the health care organization. For example, your family doctor or a walk-in clinic might use their own EMR system. If you visit another medical practice, clinic or hospital, those clinicians won’t be able to see your EMR. This means you have separate electronic records stored in different systems for each health care provider you visit.

What is an EHR?

Electronic health records, or EHRs, are digital records of patient data that can be shared among authorized care providers. They bring together all your health information from doctors’ offices, clinics, hospitals, specialists, lab providers and more, into one unified record.

Unlike EMRs, which stay within a single health care provider’s system, EHRs can be accessed by multiple providers. This makes it easier for your care team to view your complete medical history without needing to request records from other health care offices, enabling better and more coordinated care.

EMR vs EHR in Canada: Key differences

The table below shows the main differences between EMRs and EHRs, so you can understand how your health information is stored and shared.`

It’s important to recognize that provincial health systems in Canada continue to evolve and improve. Certain provinces have more connected health information technology, making it easier for different doctors and clinics to share your health information across different systems, while others may be more limited. As health care is managed at the provincial level, access to your records and how easily they’re shared online can vary depending on where you live.

Who manages and updates your EMR and EHR in Canada?

Who owns and maintains your EMR?

EMRs are typically created and stored in your doctor’s office, clinic or hospital’s internal system. These care facilities serve as the custodians of your personal health information. Technically, they own the record itself, as they control the hardware, software, and storage systems used to manage and safeguard this data.

Although the health care facility that initially creates the record is the official custodian of that health information, you, the patient, have important rights under privacy legislation, such as the Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA) in Ontario (other provinces have their own similar legislation). This means you have the right to access your health information, request corrections to inaccurate or incomplete data and expect that your information is stored, used and shared in accordance with strict privacy and security standards.

While you can request copies of information in your EMR (usually for a fee), online access may be available only to patients if your clinic provides a patient portal.

Who owns and maintains your EHR?

In Canada, EHRs are maintained at the provincial or territorial level. For example, when you receive care from a health care provider—such as a hospital or clinic in Ontario—your information is updated in the provider’s EMR system. Certain key data, like lab results or diagnostic imaging reports, are then securely transmitted to provincial data repositories. Through system integrations, other authorized health care providers can then access this information when using supported provincial clinical viewers.

EHRs only aggregate patient health data and are not responsible for updating or correcting this information. Instead, that responsibility lies with the health care facility that initially created the record.

The patient still has important rights under their provincial privacy legislation (e.g., PHIPA in Ontario), as mentioned above, such as viewing records, requesting corrections and relying on data protection via strict privacy standards.

An easier way to get your medical records

Knowing where your health information is stored and having access to it provides you with deeper insight into your results, helping you make informed decisions about your care. Missing or incorrect records can sometimes lead to repeated tests or delays in treatment, which is why it is important to know your rights when requesting and accessing your health information. With the availability of digital tools and platforms, this access is easier than ever before, allowing you to play a more active role in managing your health.

PocketHealth is a secure, patient-centred care platform that lets you access, share and understand your medical imaging records. You’re also able to upload and store health records commonly found in an EHR, like immunizations, prescriptions and lab results, so all your records are consolidated in one place. With greater control of your records and the ability to connect that information across different health care systems, you get a more holistic picture of your health.

PocketHealth also includes AI-enabled educational tools and personalized insights to help you better understand your medical imaging reports. Key benefits of the platform include:

• Clear, easy-to-understand results: PocketHealth provides clear definitions and illustrations for complex medical terms—plus an in-depth explanation of your full imaging report.
• Recommended next steps: Follow-up suggestions help you plan what to do next and feel more confident about the questions to bring to your healthcare provider.
• Family record management: You can access and store records for up to four family members in one place using a single login.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding EHRs and EMRs for Canadian patients.

What is the difference between EMR and EHR in Canada?

An electronic medical record (EMR) is a digitized version of your records from a single medical facility or clinic. Your medical information is accessed and managed by a single health care provider and is not typically shared with other medical facilities unless specifically requested.

An electronic health record (EHR) is also a digitized version of your health record, but it is compiled from multiple sources and often stored with the intent of being shared among doctors, clinics and hospitals. This allows your health information from various health care providers to be consolidated into one, unified record.

In both cases, the health care provider who originally created the health record acts as a custodian, but you, as the patient, have the right to access and request updates to your personal health information.

What kind of information is included in an EMR?

Electronic medical records (EMRs) are an electronic version of your patient chart that tracks your health information within a single health care provider or clinic. They help your provider manage your care and keep all your records organized electronically without using paper records. EMRs can include the following information:

• Clinical notes from interactions with your provider
• Diagnoses and medical conditions
• Prescriptions and medication history
• Test results, from labs or medical imaging
• Immunization records

What kind of information is included in an EHR?

Electronic health records (EHRs) consolidate your health information from multiple health care organizations, such as clinics, hospitals and specialists. They provide your care teams with a comprehensive overview of your health, enabling safer, more coordinated patient care. EHRs can include the following information:

• Your full medical history
• Lab results and imaging reports
• Prescriptions and medication history
• Allergies and immunizations
• Records from all doctors and health care teams you have seen

Who owns and updates your EMR in Canada?

Your doctor’s office, clinic or hospital creates and stores the information contained in your EMR, so they technically own the record. Your health care providers are expected to keep this information up to date during your medical visits and with any test results, referrals, etc.

Under provincial privacy legislation, patients have the right to access their personal health information, request updates and ensure its protection. Digital access to these records is only possible if your clinic offers a patient portal. Otherwise, copies of certain information can be provided (usually for a fee), unless requested for specific purposes, such as changing care providers.

Who owns and updates your EHR in Canada?

In Canada, personal health records are managed at the provincial level. Each province has its own laws governing how this information is collected, stored and shared. While patients have the right to access the information contained in their EHR, not all provinces offer patients electronic access to the EHR systems. Either way, you have a right to view your records and request corrections, if necessary.

Electronic health records only gather patient health information and do not update or correct it. The responsibility for maintaining accurate records stays with the health care facility that created them.

Patients continue to have important rights under provincial privacy laws, such as viewing their records, requesting corrections and relying on data protection via strict privacy standards.

The post EMR vs EHR: What’s the difference and why it matters for Canadian patients appeared first on PocketHealth.

Another important part of travel preparation is electronic health record (EHR) access. Whether you have a clean bill of health, you’re managing a chronic illness or you’re recovering from an injury, it’s important to be able to access your health records in the event of an unforeseen medical event.

Streamlined access to your EHR can give you a major advantage while travelling. You can quickly share your important health information, even with a new provider in a clinic or hospital you’ve never been to before. This reduces the stress of needing unexpected care, as you can easily provide your past and current health history, keeping your new care team up to date with your needs.

This article highlights the importance of EHR access for Canadian travellers, explaining how they can view their records online and how tools like PocketHealth enable them to easily access and organize their medical imaging records, as well as upload other health records from a single secure platform.

Why accessing your electronic health records matters when travelling abroad

Being prepared with access to your EHR can help offset some of the stress that comes with travelling. If health emergencies, medication changes or follow-up care are needed with a new provider, patients are better prepared to handle these situations with their records at their fingertips.

Having your health data available is beneficial in several ways. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), patients with access to their EHRs are 34% more likely to avoid emergency department visits and 45% less likely to need in-person health visits.

When you’re travelling, your EHR is especially important. It provides peace of mind and helps you prepare for unexpected needs if you suddenly require care. This could be something as serious as an emergency room visit or as routine as needing a prescription refill while away from home. Whatever the situation, you’ll have the information you need.

Here are some specific ways patient access to health data can prepare travellers:

• Provides medication history: New providers can see your past and current medications, so they can consider any potential drug interactions for your future care.
• Shows previous lab results: Previous lab results, such as blood, stool and urine tests, can help practitioners gain better insight into your current health situation.
• Reduces repeat appointments: It’s easy for the new provider to view recent tests and appointments, keeping them up to date and avoiding unnecessary repeat appointments.
• Reduces medical errors: When a new practitioner is fully up to date with your health history, it can help reduce medical errors and conflicts in your care.
• Streamlines family member care: For caretakers travelling with high-needs children or elderly parents, being able to access their medical records makes it easier to coordinate and advocate for their care.

How to access your Canadian electronic health records online

Legally, Canadian patients have the right to obtain their health information from medical providers. Before you prepare to travel, it can be helpful to understand how access to this patient data works in Canada. The following sections provide a general overview of how your personal health information is stored and maintained.

What are electronic health records (EHRs)?

EHRs are digital versions of your patient data and medical history that can be securely accessed by multiple health care providers and systems. They are designed to be easily shared across facilities and practitioners and serve as a unified, comprehensive version of your medical records.

Electronic medical records, or EMRs, are often confused with EHRs. While both consist of digitized health data, EMRs are not meant to be widely accessible. They are usually created and managed by a single medical organization, like a hospital or clinic, and shared only upon request as needed, for example, when a physician issues a referral to a specialist. EMRs are often fragmented and incomplete.

Because EHRs are generally more comprehensive than EMRs, they tend to be more useful for both patients and health authorities, providing a more complete picture. Typical information included in an EHR may include medication lists and prescriptions, imaging and treatment histories, test results, diagnoses and even previous immunizations, which is particularly useful when travelling abroad.

Steps to access your records before travelling

If you know in advance that you’ll be travelling, you can take the opportunity to access your records before you leave. This allows plenty of time to navigate challenges and contact your health records custodian if needed. Overall, the general steps to obtain your records are similar, regardless of which EHR system your provider uses. Here are some general steps to follow:

1. Check if your provider offers online patient access. Depending on your health care provider, certain information contained in your EHR may be accessible through an online patient portal.
2. Make sure you have access to your patient portal. This may mean requesting user permissions or log-in credentials from your provider. It’s important to remember that many patient portals have gaps in the available data, meaning not all of your health history will always be accessible from one portal, and some information may be missing. You may need to obtain additional information from other providers or make specific requests for missing data.
3. Confirm and review what data is available from your account. This lets you see if it has all the information you need. You may need to do this with multiple sources.
4. Download and/or print important documents. You likely won’t need your entire health history, but if you have chronic conditions, medications or recent procedures, these documents may be useful to have readily on hand.
5. Ensure you have access while abroad. Knowing what technology you’ll be using during travel can help you prepare ahead of time. For example, if you have a laptop or tablet you plan to travel with, you may be able to save your information to that specific device before you leave.

Can you view your records while outside Canada?

Most of the time, Canadians can view their records while travelling as long as they have internet access and the proper authentication for logging into their patient portal. Some users may encounter access limitations, so it is helpful to prepare for this in advance.

One common example is two-factor authentication using texts sent to your Canadian cell phone. If your cell carrier doesn’t support SMS in that region, or if there are other reasons you can’t receive texts on your phone, then you will be unable to log in. Consider setting up login preferences to send the authentication to your email or a similar alternative instead.

Another step to consider is making backups of your electronic health information and using different formats. For example, you can have paper copies or store your records on a USB or other device, in addition to maintaining electronic access. This gives you multiple ways to share information with health authorities while travelling.

If you have the option to use a single platform for all your health records, this is ideal. It requires only one login and keeps all your essential data in one location, reducing the stress of navigating multiple portals, especially in the event of an emergency.

Now that you know tips for accessing your medical records, it can also be useful to focus on health preparations for international travel, such as:

• Keeping records of any immunizations or vaccines
• Maintaining records of any chronic health issues or conditions that may require accommodation
• Keeping a list of allergies to foods, medications, etc.
• Having your health card information and emergency contacts on hand in case of an emergency
• Maintaining a comprehensive list of prescribed medications

How PocketHealth helps Canadians access and manage health records

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep your essential health information organized in one place. All of your medical imaging and reports are permanently stored, securely accessible online and easily shareable with providers abroad. You can also upload other records, such as lab results and immunizations, providing a single, reliable source of truth about your health.

Pockethealth bridges the gap between scattered patient portals and disjointed EHR systems, so you have all your essential health information at your fingertips, wherever you are. It’s one small step that can make a big difference when travelling—helping you feel prepared, confident and ready for whatever adventure comes next.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some frequently asked questions regarding accessing personal health information from Canada.

What is the most common EHR?

Most EHR systems used by hospitals and other care facilities are only accessible to medical providers, not patients. However, some of these systems have patient-facing portals that allow patients to access certain records, although they may sometimes be missing data, such as medical images.

That said, even widely used EHR systems and patient portals can be fragmented or incomplete, especially if the patient was seen at facilities outside of their region or province. Patients travelling abroad may want to ensure they have a complete record from all applicable systems before departing.

Can you see your medical records online in Canada?

In many cases, yes, you can access your online health information both in and outside of Canada, as long as your provider has granted you permission. Most providers offer some kind of patient portal that allows patients to view their medical history and health data.

Many clinics and facilities automatically grant access once you have authorization and sign-in permissions. However, some clinics may require you to request access first. If you know you will be travelling, consider checking what permissions you currently have for your medical records.

If you have family members travelling with you for whom you are responsible, it is also important to review their record permissions. If they are legally obligated to provide authorization for you to view their health information, such as with elderly parents, this should be arranged in advance to avoid delays in obtaining their records. This permission often requires official written consent, which may take time to be processed by their health information custodian, so it is important to begin the preparations sooner rather than later.

What is included in electronic health records?

The specific health data included in your EHR will vary depending on factors such as the types of providers you have seen and the health information systems they use. Overall, most EHRs tend to include information such as:

• Allergies
• Medical history
• Immunization records
• Test and lab results
• Current and past list of prescriptions and medications
• Patient demographics
• Radiology imaging and radiology reports
• Medical reports
• Clinical notes and appointment summaries
• Discharge summaries
• Orders and requisitions for referrals, lab and imaging tests, etc.
• Surgical histories

The post Upcoming cross-border travel? How to access your Canadian electronic health records abroad appeared first on PocketHealth.

A 2023 study discovered that 4 out of 5 Canadians felt more empowered to manage their own health after accessing their electronic medical records. However, an international survey, also conducted in 2023, indicated that only 35% of Canadians reported accessing their online records within the last 2 years, compared to the average of 45% reported by other participating countries.

This article offers a step-by-step guide to viewing health information online in Ontario. It covers provincial portals, healthcare systems and tools like PocketHealth, which lets individuals securely access, store and share imaging reports in one place and import other health records into the platform.

Why it’s important to have all your personal health information together

Having your personal health history in one place offers many benefits, such as:

Coordinating care across providers

If you have more than one provider, having an easy way to share your personal health information with your care team is extremely helpful. It also keeps everyone up to date on your medical history and current health situation. Coordinating care across providers can mean:

• Fewer errors: With multiple providers reviewing your records, more eyes are on your chart, which can help prevent mistakes and ensure important information isn’t missed.
• Fewer appointments: When a new healthcare provider can quickly review your history, they can get up to speed more quickly, reducing the need for repetitive visits or tests.
• You can share your health data: If a provider needs information from another facility, you can share it yourself without making a written request or contacting another clinic.

Managing family health

When patient records are all in one place, it’s easier for family caregivers or substitute decision makers to stay informed. This includes parents of children with elevated health needs or adult children supporting elderly parents who require medical care.

Privacy laws require caregivers to obtain the patient’s consent before accessing their personal health information. This means completing a request form, obtaining the patient’s signature and disclosure permissions and sometimes paying a small fee, if applicable.

If a patient has multiple providers with separate charts, this process may need to be repeated for each one. When records are consolidated, however, the caretaker only needs to do it once, saving time and money. It also makes it easier to share this data with other members of the health team, to speak on the patient’s behalf and to track their needs more effectively.

Moving or travelling

Having all your important medical records available online in one place is very helpful when you’re moving or travelling. Sharing this data with new providers becomes simple and immediate, instead of stressful and delayed. You don’t have to wait for your previous provider to send records. Everything is right at your fingertips.

Tracking changes in your health

Another key benefit of online personal health information is the ability to easily track changes to your health. This is important for patients managing chronic conditions or monitoring recurring results. Examples include yearly mammograms, prenatal ultrasounds and repeat blood tests that may change over time. Easily viewing past and current records helps you stay informed and involved in your own care.

Can you access your own medical records in Ontario?

While all Canadians, regardless of province or territory, have a legal right to access their own personal health information, this article focuses on Ontarians and the legal framework that protects their right to view their health data.

While other provinces have their own laws governing access to health information, Ontario follows the Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA). It sets out how health information custodians must safeguard sensitive patient information and details patients’ rights to access it.

Though patients have rights to their records, this doesn’t mean all records are automatically in one place for them to access. Online access can vary depending on the facility and the portals they use. Health data may also be fragmented, meaning patients can see information from one provider but not their entire health history in a single portal.

Online systems are improving, but practices differ between care teams. You may need to complete a request form and pay a small fee to obtain records. If you see multiple providers, this process may need to be repeated for each one.

How to view your medical records online in Ontario

Here is an overview of how to view your medical records online if you live in Ontario.

Through provincial or regional portals

While Ontario does have a single, unified electronic health record system for the entire province, it is only accessible to authorized healthcare providers—not patients. While there are some regional portals that patients can access, they only serve specific areas and contain records from providers who also use the same portal.

Through hospital or provider systems

Hospital or provider-based record systems can be a convenient way for patients to obtain their information from the facility’s website. The level of detail and availability, however, depends on the system and how many providers use it.

The larger the network of providers using the same health record system, the more likely patients are to have access to a broader view of their medical records and history. Smaller, independent clinics and health centers often use siloed systems, which can limit what information patients can see in one place.

PocketHealth

Secure online health record platforms, such as PocketHealth, allow patients to access their medical imaging records and reports and to upload and import other health records to their account. These records can then be easily viewed and shared at the patient’s convenience.

What’s in a patient’s medical record?

What appears in your medical records depends on the system used to create and maintain them and the range of providers you see. Some types of data may be limited. For example, a radiologist’s report for an MRI might be viewable, but the image itself may require an official request.

If you think something is missing or you want to view something not shown, discuss your concerns with the information custodian, which is the official term used for medical providers responsible for keeping your health information private and secure. They may be able to help you search for the missing data.

Overall, most online records include similar types of patient data. The following information gives some examples:

• Allergies
• Medical history and treatment information
• Immunization records and documentation
• Test and lab results
• Current and past prescriptions and medication lists
• Patient demographics
• Radiology imaging and reports
• Medical reports
• Prenatal and birth records
• Clinical notes and discharge summaries from appointments
• Orders and requisitions for referrals, lab and imaging tests, etc.

What’s the difference between an EMR and EHR?

Electronic medical records (EMRs) are digital versions of a patient’s health data created and maintained by a single clinic or facility. These records are accessible only to the entity that created them, and other providers cannot view them unless they are specifically shared. This usually requires a patient to request it or the EMR creator to initiate the process, such as when referring a patient to a specialist.

Electronic health records (EHRs), on the other hand, are designed to be accessible by multiple health professionals across different facilities. They bring all your health information together in one place, making it easier to share.

What to expect when accessing your records online

When viewing your records online, the layout and formatting of the site will vary depending on the EMR or EHR system and whether they have a patient portal. Examples of information include test results, radiology reports and appointment notes. You may even see your personal demographics, such as your contact information or health card number.

Some records may not be immediately available, as providers must upload them first. Delays are common, especially for lab results or other data that must be processed. In some systems, results must be reviewed by a physician before they can be accessed, though in others, patients may access these results before seeing their doctor, depending on the portal.

Patients usually need secure logins, verifications and permissions to view records online, which are typically provided by the physician’s office. Often this is set up automatically, but some clinics may require patients to request access first before they can sign in on their device.

An easier way to get your medical records

While online access to records is becoming more widespread, patients still face many challenges. These include requesting multiple permissions, paying possible fees and dealing with fragmented or incomplete records.

Tools like PocketHealth can help. PocketHealth is a secure, patient-friendly platform that makes managing and accessing medical imaging records and uploading other health records easy. Patients can also import other medical histories into their account, giving them complete and portable health records in one place that can be shared with any provider at their convenience.

Besides giving patients control of their own records, PocketHealth offers intuitive features and AI tools to help them understand complex medical terminology in their reports, detect follow-up recommendations and next steps and even identify key organs and bones in their imaging scans.

These features help patients become more involved in their health, empowering them to take charge of their healthcare journey and control how and when they share their records with their care team.

View my medical records online in Ontario: FAQs

Here are some commonly asked questions about online health records in Ontario.

Can you access your own medical records in Ontario?

Often, yes. You may already have online access through your physician’s patient portal, in which case you can request details on how to access your account. If your provider does not offer this feature, you can make a formal request for your records.

How do I get a copy of my medical records in Ontario?

Legally, patients have the right to obtain a copy of their medical information, except in rare cases. There may be small variations in the process, but usually the steps to request a copy are similar:

• Initiate a request from your provider’s office: This could be submitted to the front desk, medical records department or another health information custodian. They should provide an official request form to complete before they release this data. This may be via paper copy or an electronic form.
• Specify what records you want: The request will often ask which records you want. If you want your entire chart, it may take longer to receive a copy compared with a simpler item, such as a recent blood test result.
• Provide proof of identity or authorization: You’ll likely need government-issued photo identification to verify your identity. If you are requesting records on behalf of someone else, such as a family member, you may also need to provide the patient’s official consent.
• Possibly pay a fee: Depending on how much health data you want and the policies of your provider’s office, it is common to pay a small fee.
• Wait for your response: In most cases, Ontario medical facilities have 30 to 60 days to respond to your request after receiving your completed forms and payments. Records may be provided in paper, CD, USB or secure electronic formats, depending on the facility. You may be able to request your preferred format in advance, such as having it sent by mail or via secure email.

Can walk-in clinics in Ontario see my medical history?

Most walk-in clinics use their own separate, privately maintained electronic medical record (EMR) system, which means they typically do not have access to your full medical history from other providers. Sometimes, however, these clinics are part of a larger health system, which can give them wider access to your electronic health record.

How can I get my medical records online for free in Ontario?

Many clinics and hospitals provide access to patient portals at no extra charge. However, there may be exceptions depending on the facility’s policies and whether they routinely include this access as part of care. Otherwise, you may need to make an official request for your records and pay a small fee.

If you’re looking for free access to download your medical images and reports, check out PocketHealth’s basic plan.

The post How to view my medical records online in Ontario: A patient’s guide appeared first on PocketHealth.

EHRs provide patients with a complete snapshot of their health, make it easy to share records with other health care providers and consolidate all the information in an easy-to-access manner.

This article explains how electronic health information works in Canada, its benefits, and the legal requirements surrounding patient access. It will also share how patients can securely access their medical imaging records and upload other health records using PocketHealth.

What is an electronic health record (EHR)?

An electronic health record is a digitized version of a patient’s health information, such as hospital records, compiled from multiple health care providers. One of the most valuable aspects of an EHR is that it allows medical history to follow patients regardless of which provider or facility they visit, providing a standardized, unified, and comprehensive health record.

Until fairly recently, most medical facilities kept hard copies of patient data, including paper-based files and other physical media. With the advancement of online health care systems, electronic health records are becoming increasingly accessible to patients.

What does an electronic health record look like?

The presentation of your health information in your EHR may depend on certain factors, such as whether it adheres to a provincial standard. Overall, most EHRs include the following information:

• Allergies
• Clinical notes and summaries from appointments
• Current and past list of medical prescriptions
• Immunization records
• Lab test results
• Medical history
• Medical reports
• Orders and requisitions for referrals, lab and imaging tests, etc.
• Patient demographics
• Radiology imaging and reports

What is the difference between an EMR and an EHR in Canada?

EMR stands for Electronic Medical Record, which is a digitized version of a patient’s records from a single medical facility or clinic. This electronic chart is managed by one health care organization, so every provider the patient sees would have their own separate EMR for that patient.

Because EMRs tend to be created and accessed by a single medical facility, patient records are not automatically shared with other physicians or health entities unless specifically requested.

An example is a family doctor who owns their own practice and is not part of a larger medical or hospital network. They often don’t exchange information with other clinics or specialists unless the patient requests it or they issue a referral to another provider.

EHRs are very similar in that they consist of the same electronic health information; however, it is often stored with the intent of being accessible by multiple practitioners and facilities.

Benefits of having access to your EHR

There are several reasons why patients benefit from accessing their EHR, including:

Better communication and coordination with other providers

For patients with multiple providers on their care team, access to an EHR system can help streamline communication. One provider can easily coordinate with another regarding patient care, providing both with a clear understanding of what labs and tests were performed, what imaging was recommended and what instructions have been given, among other care details.

This type of coordination results in less repetition, fewer needlessly repeated tests and exams, as well as a better overall understanding of what steps other providers have already taken in treating the patient.

Real-time data sharing

Because there is no need to wait for patient records to be shared or transferred, medical providers can immediately access the patient’s health data. This means faster decision-making, reduced delays in treatments or testing and the ability for patients to ask about previous results in real-time, such as during an appointment.

Data sharing also enables patients to avoid the hassle and expense of requesting that various clinics share their health records, saving time and effort.

Patients improve their understanding of their own health

While some medical facilities provide access to their patients through a patient portal, an EHR system offers a more comprehensive way for patients to view their own consolidated records from multiple facilities, all in one place. When such data is easily accessible, it can potentially improve patient understanding of their own health. Examples of how patient access can lead to better understanding include:

• Showing medication history, such as start and stop dates of prescriptions
• Organizing treatment instructions and recommendations
• Helping patients track progressions of various health conditions
• Allowing patients to study their test and imaging results to better form follow-up questions to ask their doctor
• Enabling patients to keep track of immunization records and vaccination histories

Reduces medical errors

Another benefit of EHRs is that they can reduce medical errors. When multiple providers can easily access patient records, it means more eyes on things like requested medical imaging, test results and recommendations, prescribed medications and other vital care information.

With more health care team members keeping track of patient data, errors are more likely to be caught or prevented. Additionally, patients can help identify errors in their own records, which they can bring to the attention of their providers.

Streamlines urgent care and emergency medicine

If a patient needs to visit the emergency room or an urgent care clinic, it’s important for providers to be able to access their medical history quickly. Having this information readily available can save time when diagnosing and treating the patient. It also informs the medical provider about any pertinent health conditions they should consider during treatment.

Other benefits of EHRs

Besides the benefits already listed, there are many reasons why EHR access can improve health care for patients. Additional examples include:

• Reduces unnecessary medical visits: Knowing a patient’s health history enables providers to deliver faster and more streamlined care.
• Allows patients to make informed decisions: By studying their own records and chart notes, patients are often better positioned to make informed medical decisions.
• Improves continuity of care: When a patient changes family doctors or starts seeing a specialist, the physician gains valuable background information on their new patient, facilitating a more seamless transition of care.
• Helps keep records secure: Digital records protected by cybersecurity best practices tend to be more secure and private than hard copies and paper charts, which can be easily misplaced or destroyed.

How Canadians can access their EHR

There are many different types of EHR systems, such as health care portals, private platforms and hospital databases. The following sections will address the most common ways Canadians can access their electronic health records.

Access at a national level

If you want to access medical records from private health care providers, it’s important to be aware of PIPEDA, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. This federal law protects the privacy and personal information of Canadian citizens in several situations, including health information handled by private organizations.

PIPEDA applies to federally regulated industries, such as banking and telecommunications, as well as private health care providers in provinces and territories that do not already have similar privacy legislation.

There are several requirements and exceptions under PIPEDA and other provincial privacy laws. For more details, refer to the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada.

What does this mean for accessing your health records? Your health provider is legally required to give patients, like you, their records in a timely manner, at minimal or reasonable cost. You can usually request access to your records directly from your family doctor’s office.

Due to privacy protection requirements, there will likely be specific steps to follow, such as submitting a formal request or giving express consent to release your records, either to yourself or to another provider.

Access at a provincial level

Most provinces have their own laws regarding the safeguarding of sensitive health information and patient data, such as Ontario’s Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA). Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta each have their own privacy legislation as well. In these provinces, provincial privacy laws govern the handling of personal health information.

Overall, patient information is well protected no matter where you live. Most clinics and health care facilities can give you documents that explain which privacy laws they follow and how they keep your data safe.

Access via health care portals

Health care portals are a common way for patients to access their medical records. Many hospitals and health facilities have their own EMR systems, where they store vital information such as test results, appointment notes and even scheduling and billing details. Often, patients are able to create accounts to log in online and view those records.

These systems can be an invaluable tool for patients wanting to keep up with their health records; however, they can have limitations, including:

• Poor compatibility: Some health portals may have limited compatibility with other EMR systems, such as those used in different clinics or hospitals. This can make sharing records more difficult.
• Limitations on record sharing: If a patient wants to share their health record with a different medical facility, they will likely need to formally request the transfer, which may include a fee and signed documentation.
• Fragmented access: Health care portals often provide patients with access to only specific records or parts of their chart. Accessing other records may require an official request, which can be time-consuming.
• Possible data limitations: Some health portals only provide specific types of data. For example, a radiologist’s report for an X-ray may be viewable, but the actual image itself may not be available without an official request.

Access via PocketHealth

With numerous gaps and limitations in reliable access to patient records, particularly across Canadian cities and provinces, PocketHealth enables patients to easily track their medical imaging results and upload other health records. All their images and reports are permanently available in one secure location and can be accessed online—anytime, anywhere. Reports can also be easily shared with other members of their care team, if needed.

Besides making health record access easy, PocketHealth offers patients several additional benefits, including:

• Faster access to imaging results: Patients can view their medical imaging records as soon as they’re released by their health care provider, giving them an early look at their results, often ahead of a follow-up appointment. This also allows patients to prepare questions in advance to ask their doctor.
• Better understanding of their health: AI-enabled educational tools provide clear, detailed explanations of imaging results, helping simplify complex medical terms. Definitions and illustrations also help patients identify and understand key organs and bones in their actual scans.
• Support for follow-up care: Personalized health insights, including follow-up recommendations, enable patients to plan their next steps and take a more proactive approach to care, such as assessing their risk for bone and breast cancer.

Who owns and maintains your EHR?

With so many complex laws and regulations surrounding patient health information, determining who owns medical records and what rights patients have in accessing them can be confusing. Below is a brief overview regarding medical record ownership and the responsibilities of the health information custodians who maintain them.

Patient rights and ownership

Technically, the clinic or medical facility that created an EHR owns the record itself, as they control the system it was created on, including the hardware, software and storage infrastructure. They are also responsible for safeguarding the information, maintaining its accuracy and providing access to those who are authorized.

That said, patients own the information contained within their records. This distinction is important because it means patients have the right to access their records in a timely manner and can request corrections or updates when needed. Patients can also expect that privacy and security standards are met to safeguard their personal health information.

Record maintenance and updates via health care providers

Health record maintenance and updates are the responsibility of the various medical providers directly involved in a patient’s care. This can include radiologists entering imaging reports, pharmacists updating medication lists or primary care physicians adding chart notes.

How to request a change or correction to your EHR

Patients have a legal right to request changes or corrections to their medical records. However, there are specific steps involved, which may vary slightly depending on the laws and regulations of the province you live in.

You should be able to request a form to initiate the correction process from your medical provider’s office, or they can direct you to the appropriate resource. While the exact requirements may differ by province or facility, here are the general steps for requesting a change to your EHR:

1. Contact the custodian of your health record (this could be your doctor, clinic or hospital).
2. Inform them that you believe your record contains incomplete or inaccurate information.
3. Ask for next steps, such as an official request form to have your record adjusted.
4. You may be required to submit documentation, additional medical records or other evidence to confirm the inaccuracies.
5. Typically, the health record custodian has 30 to 60 days to respond to your request, though this timeline may vary depending on your province or territory.

It’s important to note that the custodian can deny a request to change medical records, though they usually must provide you with written notice explaining their reasoning. Possible reasons for denial include:

• Your health information is no longer being used by the custodian.
• The custodian believes the supporting information provided to justify the correction is inadequate.
• The original health record was created by another entity, and the custodian feels they lack the authority or knowledge to change it.
• The requested correction relates to a medical opinion rather than a fact.
• The requested correction is unjustified.

To dispute or file a complaint about a rejected request to correct a chart, you can contact your province’s information or privacy commissioner or other relevant authority.

An easier way to access your electronic health records in Canada

While some health care facilities offer patient portals or similar methods for patients to access records, many of these systems are siloed, meaning you can only view records from that specific health system or provider. Sharing them with other providers often requires an official request, wait periods and even fees.

PocketHealth makes it easy to access and organize all your medical imaging records and other health records online, in one place. All of your images and reports are permanently stored, securely accessible online and easily shareable with multiple care providers. Plus, any additional records, such as lab results and immunizations, can be easily uploaded, providing a single reliable source of truth about your health.

Additionally, PocketHealth’s AI-enabled education tools and personalized features help you better understand your results with confidence—simplifying reports, highlighting key terms and providing follow-up guidance. With everything organized under one account, you can feel more prepared and in control of your care experience in Canada.
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Frequently asked questions

Who owns your electronic health record?

The clinic or organization that owns and maintains the EHR system usually owns the actual records. However, patients own the information within their records, which gives them the right to access their EHR and ask for corrections when needed.

Who maintains an electronic health record?

Maintenance is typically performed by various health care professionals or administrative staff trained on the EHR/EMR system.

How are corrections made to an electronic health record?

Patients can contact the custodians of their health record (such as a family doctor’s office, hospital or specialist clinic) and request a form to make corrections or amendments. This often requires a written request and supporting documentation. The custodian may also deny the request.

The post How to access electronic health records in Canada appeared first on PocketHealth.

This article provides a brief overview of thyroid cancer and how it is detected, with a focus on current treatment options and management methods.

What is thyroid cancer?

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the throat, wrapping around the trachea. It produces thyroid hormones involved in metabolism, growth during puberty, body temperature regulation, as well as bone and nervous system functions. Thyroid cancer develops when cells within the thyroid grow and spread out of control, often forming a nodule or tumor. In more advanced cases, they may spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body, such as organs and bones.

There are several types of thyroid cancer, including:

• Papillary thyroid cancer: This is the most common type, making up more than 70 percent of thyroid cancer cases. It tends to grow slower than other types and often has a good prognosis. The papillary variation is also a type of ‘differentiated thyroid cancer,’ which means the cancer cells are similar in appearance to healthy thyroid cells.
• Follicular thyroid cancer: This type is less common than papillary, making up roughly 10 to 15 percent of thyroid cancer cases. It can be more aggressive, sometimes spreading to other parts of the body. However, it is still also considered a differentiated thyroid cancer.
• Hurthle cell thyroid cancer: Previously classified as a variant of follicular thyroid cancer, this rare type is now considered a distinct condition. It is often referred to as oncocytic carcinoma and can have a good prognosis when detected early, though it may be aggressive in later stages.
• Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC): This rare type begins in the thyroid cells that produce hormones involved in calcium regulation. It accounts for about 2 percent of thyroid cancer cases. In roughly 25 percent of cases, MTC is genetic and runs in families.
• Anaplastic thyroid cancer: This aggressive type is one of the rarest and often the most difficult to treat. Anaplastic thyroid cancer accounts for less than 2 percent of thyroid cancer cases and is more common in older patients.

How thyroid cancer is diagnosed

CT scan of a 4 cm thyroid nodule occupying the left lobe.

There are a variety of imaging techniques and tests used to diagnose thyroid cancer, many of which are used in combination. Common methods include:

• Physical examination: The physician feels for a lump or thyroid nodule in the patient’s neck that may indicate a tumor or other abnormality.
• Ultrasound scan: This imaging method uses high-frequency sound waves that bounce off internal structures such as the thyroid. The echoes create real-time images that can be captured and studied. In the case of thyroid cancer, ultrasounds can help differentiate between a solid nodule and a fluid-filled one. Solid nodules have a higher likelihood of being cancerous.
• Computed tomography (CT) scan: CT scans use X-rays to capture cross-sectional images of the body. Several of these images, called slices, are combined to form highly detailed pictures that can help identify nodules, tumors and other abnormalities, and can also show whether cancer has spread to other areas of the body.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI scans use strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed internal images. Like CT scans, MRIs can help determine whether thyroid cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: PET scans are often performed alongside CT scans, as many imaging machines can do both at once. A PET scan, however, works a bit differently. The patient receives an injection of a mildly radioactive substance, typically fludeoxyglucose F18, a type of radiotracer. The body absorbs the radiotracer, and a special camera tracks how tissues and cells take it up. Cancer cells tend to absorb more of the radiotracer, which can help show if and where the cancer has spread.
• Radioiodine scan: Often called a thyroid scan, this technique is similar to a PET scan but uses a radioactive iodine tracer instead of the standard radiotracer. A special camera detects and measures the radiation from the tracer, evaluating how thyroid tissue absorbs it. Nodules that absorb more radiation than expected are often non-cancerous. Nodules that absorb less radiation may suggest cancer, though benign causes are also common. For this reason, radioiodine scans are typically used alongside other diagnostic methods.
• Blood tests: A variety of blood tests may be performed when evaluating a patient for thyroid cancer. Many of these assess thyroid function to determine whether symptoms or nodules might be caused by something other than cancer. Thyroid cancer patients often have normal blood test results, but an abnormal finding may help the physician rule out cancer and identify a different diagnosis.
• Biopsy: A biopsy is the gold standard for definitively diagnosing thyroid cancer. A small tissue sample is taken from the thyroid nodule or tumor and analyzed in a laboratory for cancerous cells. This is commonly done through a fine needle aspiration biopsy, often guided in real-time by ultrasound. Larger tissue samples may be obtained through a core needle biopsy or surgical biopsy, if necessary.

Thyroid cancer staging

The thyroid cancer staging system is used to determine whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body, which can make the disease harder to treat. Physicians may select treatment strategies differently, depending on the staging results.

Staging is based on several factors, including tumor size, patient age and whether lymph nodes or other organs are affected. Thyroid cancer staging can be somewhat complex and can vary depending on the exact type of thyroid cancer.

While anaplastic and medullary thyroid cancers have unique staging factors, here is a simplified overview of papillary thyroid cancer staging, as it is by far the most common type. Note, because of the good prognosis for younger patients with differentiated thyroid cancers, such as papillary thyroid cancer, they only have two unique categorized stages. Patients over 55 have additional stages:

For patients under 55:

• Stage I: The tumor can be of any size and cancer cells may also affect nearby lymph nodes. It is still considered stage I as long as it hasn’t spread to distant parts of the body.
• Stage II: The tumor can be of any size and has also spread to distant areas of the body, which may include nearby lymph nodes.

For patients over 55:

• Stage I: The tumor has not spread outside of the thyroid and it measures 4 cm or less. Nearby lymph nodes or other areas of the body are not affected.
• Stage II: The tumor measures more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm across. It has not grown beyond the thyroid, but cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes. There is no spread to distant areas of the body.
• Stage III: The tumor is larger than 4 cm or has grown beyond the thyroid gland. It may have spread to nearby lymph nodes, but not to distant parts of the body.
• Stage IVA: The tumor can be any size and has grown significantly outside the thyroid. It may have spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant parts of the body.
• Stage IVB: The tumor can be any size and may or may not have grown beyond the thyroid. Cancer cells have spread to distant parts of the body and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.

Thyroid cancer treatment methods

There are various thyroid cancer treatment methods, many of which are used in combination. Here is a brief overview of current treatment options.

Surgical treatments

Surgery is one of the most common methods used to treat thyroid cancer. The most frequently performed procedure is a thyroidectomy, where the entire thyroid gland is taken out. If tumors are smaller, however, only the part of the thyroid containing the tumor may be surgically removed, a procedure called a lobectomy.

If nearby lymph nodes appear to be affected, they can also be surgically extracted. In fact, some physicians recommend this regardless, as it can help reduce the chance of thyroid cancer recurrence. Surgical recommendations are usually based on factors such as the stage of the disease, the patient’s age and their overall health.

Radioactive iodine therapy

Radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) is a common treatment for thyroid cancer, though not all types respond to this method. Radioactive iodine is usually given orally, where it collects within thyroid tissue. Both normal thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer cells absorb the iodine, while most other cells in the body remain unaffected. This makes RAI an effective way to kill cancer cells, especially when combined with surgery.

Anaplastic and medullary thyroid cancers do not respond to RAI because their cancer cells do not absorb iodine. In these cases, a different form of treatment would be suggested instead.

Radiation therapy

External beam radiation therapy is another common treatment for thyroid cancers, especially anaplastic and medullary types. This technique uses high-energy rays, such as X-rays, to target and destroy cancer cells. It is often used for patients whose cancer has spread beyond the thyroid, since it can also treat other affected areas. Treatment sessions are generally quick and painless, though the technician will likely spend some time calibrating and aiming the equipment correctly. Possible side effects of radiation therapy include:

• Hoarse throat
• Dry mouth
• Fatigue
• Skin reactions (such as sunburn-like irritations)
• Swallowing difficulties

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses specialized drugs to kill cancer cells and prevent them from spreading. Unlike many other types of cancer, chemotherapy is not commonly used to treat thyroid cancer. However, it may be suitable for patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer, especially when combined with external beam radiation therapy.

Targeted therapy

Cancer cells often have unique features that make them behave differently from normal cells. Some rely on specific proteins to fuel their growth, while others carry mutated genes that alter how proteins function in support of cancer progression.

Targeted therapy uses drugs that act on these specific factors to deprive the cancer of fuel and help slow or shrink the tumor. In thyroid cancer, targeted therapy commonly involves kinase inhibitors. Kinases are proteins that normally relay signals to cells, such as directing them to grow. Various targeted therapy drugs block these types of proteins. The specific drugs used will depend on the type of thyroid cancer and other individual characteristics.

Thyroid hormone therapy

For patients who have had their thyroid removed, hormone therapy may be used to replace the hormones no longer produced by the absent thyroid. This not only supports the body’s metabolic function and other thyroid-related processes, but it can also help reduce the risk of thyroid cancer recurrence. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), produced by the pituitary gland, prompts the thyroid to produce hormones. TSH can also stimulate the growth of thyroid tissue and, potentially, thyroid cancer cells.

Because of this connection, patients may receive higher doses of thyroid hormone to suppress TSH levels. By preventing elevated TSH from stimulating cancer cell growth, this approach can reduce the risk of recurrence and slow the progression of any remaining cancer.

Getting your thyroid cancer imaging results

Your thyroid imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your scans and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring physician, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history and past exams, can offer further insights and recommendations on next steps in a follow-up appointment.

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, your imaging results are securely accessible as soon as they’re approved for release by the hospital or imaging clinic. This allows you the opportunity to review your results and prepare questions ahead of your follow-up visit.

To help you understand your thyroid imaging results, PocketHealth provides clear definitions and illustrations for complex medical terms—plus an in-depth explanation of your full imaging report. This is paired with highlights of key anatomy in your imaging to help you better comprehend what you’re looking at.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some frequently asked questions regarding thyroid cancer.

What is the number one treatment for thyroid cancer?

The most common initial treatment for thyroid cancer is surgery, which may involve partial or total removal of the thyroid gland, depending on the stage of the disease. Additional treatments, such as radioactive iodine therapy, may be recommended based on the type and stage of the cancer.

Can you survive thyroid cancer without surgery?

Some patients may be given the option to postpone or avoid surgery if their thyroid cancer meets specific criteria, such as being categorized as a subtype of small papillary thyroid cancer. In these cases, the tumor is typically 1.5 cm or smaller, which means it is generally slow-growing and less aggressive.

Because of the high survival rate in such cases, some patients may choose to undergo “active surveillance,” which involves regular medical evaluations to monitor whether the cancer begins to spread or remains stable. This “watchful waiting” approach allows patients to delay surgery and its potential side effects until it becomes medically necessary or personally desired.

Active surveillance should be discussed thoroughly with medical providers, as not every cancer case is suitable for this approach. Recommendations are typically made on a case-by-case basis, so if you have questions, you should consult your doctor. It’s also important to note that patients usually have the option to change their minds during the course of active surveillance and may request to move forward with surgery at any time.

What to avoid if you have thyroid cancer?

Specific recommendations on what to avoid with thyroid cancer may vary depending on the patient’s underlying health, the type of thyroid cancer and their doctor’s guidance. Differentiated thyroid cancers are commonly treated with radioactive iodine therapy, which may require avoiding iodine-rich foods for a period before treatment. In these cases, physicians will provide specific instructions tailored to the patient’s needs.

Besides iodine-rich foods, there may be other substances or activities that should be avoided, such as certain supplements that could interfere with treatments or medications. Physicians should provide guidance on these factors, though it can be helpful to ask for detailed recommendations.

What are the side effects of thyroid gland removal?

Immediate side effects of a thyroidectomy may include a hoarse voice (usually temporary) and low calcium levels if the parathyroid glands (located behind the thyroid) are affected during surgery. Seromas (fluid buildup at the incision site) may also occur, though they often resolve on their own or can be drained by a physician if needed. In terms of long-term effects, patients will need to take thyroid hormone replacement for the rest of their lives. However, studies show that thyroidectomies are generally low risk and rarely lead to long-term complications.

What factors may increase the risk for thyroid cancer?

While certain factors may increase your risk of developing thyroid cancer, this does not mean you will get the disease. In fact, most people with risk factors do not develop thyroid cancer. However, knowing if you are at higher risk can be helpful, as it may be worth discussing with your physician. They may recommend precautionary screenings, such as a physical exam to check for nodules. The American Cancer Society currently lists the following risk factors:

• Age: Thyroid cancer can occur at any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in people between their 30s and 60s.
• Sex: Thyroid cancer develops nearly three times more often in patients assigned female at birth.
• Hereditary conditions: Certain inherited conditions can increase the risk of thyroid cancer, including familial adenomatous polyposis, Cowden syndrome, Carney complex and others.
• Radiation exposure: This could result from previous radiation treatments for earlier cancer therapies or from frequent imaging, such as CT scans. While X-rays, CT scans and similar medical imaging are generally considered safe at standard levels, most physicians recommend avoiding unnecessary or frequent exposure to these types of scans.
• Family history: If a close family member had thyroid cancer, it may increase the risk of developing the disease.

Are goiters linked to thyroid cancer?

A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland, often appearing as a lump or swelling in the neck. While goiters can sometimes be associated with thyroid cancer, they are most often caused by benign conditions, including:

• Excess thyroid nodules or cysts: There are various reasons why thyroid growths may develop. Most are benign or related to non-cancerous thyroid conditions. However, because a nodule can occasionally be cancerous, it’s important to seek medical evaluation for any abnormal growths.
• Thyroid diseases or conditions: These include hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone) and hypothyroidism (too little thyroid hormone). Conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can cause thyroid dysfunction, but are not cancerous.
• Iodine deficiency: A lack of iodine (a mineral essential for thyroid hormone production) can increase the risk of developing a goiter. However, this is rare in the U.S. and Canada, where iodine is commonly added to table salt and other foods.

Getting the right support

Getting a thyroid cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but it’s important to remember you’re not alone. Your doctor will likely have access to local support and resources you can use. In addition, here are some online resources that may be helpful for educational, financial and emotional support:

• ThyCa: Thyroid Cancer Survivors’ Association
• American Thyroid Association
• City of Hope
• Thyroid Foundation of Canada

Take control of your thyroid health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your medical imaging results. All of your images and reports are permanently available in one secure location and can be accessed online—anytime, anywhere. Reports can also be easily shared with other members of your care team, if needed. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool to better understand your imaging results.

PocketHealth also provides personalized health insights based on the findings in your report to help you stay on top of any next steps. This includes clearly surfacing any follow-up actions found in your report and generating customized questions to ask your doctor so you can make the most of your follow-up appointment.

While a thyroid cancer diagnosis is scary and overwhelming, better understanding your results and working closely with your healthcare team can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your health.

The post What to Know About Thyroid Cancer Management appeared first on PocketHealth.

What is bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer occurs when cells within the bladder grow and spread out of control, which can affect organ function and other aspects of health.

The bladder is part of the urinary tract, which also includes the kidneys, ureters and urethra. The kidneys filter waste and other substances from the blood, forming urine that moves through the ureters into the bladder and exits the body through the urethra. Bladder cancer may affect this process, even spreading to distant areas of the body in advanced cases.

Types of bladder cancer

Two important categories of bladder cancer include non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, which has not reached the muscle wall of the bladder, and muscle-invasive bladder cancer, which has. The majority of bladder cancer cases are non-muscle-invasive (also called superficial bladder cancer), which tends to be easier to treat. Muscle-invasive cases indicate that the cancer has spread beyond the bladder lining and possibly into other areas of the body.

Particular types of bladder cancer to be aware of include:

• Urothelial carcinoma: The most common type, urothelial bladder cancer begins in the urothelial cells of the bladder lining.
• Squamous cell carcinoma: A rare type, it accounts for 3 to 5% of bladder cancer cases and begins in the thin, flat squamous cells of the bladder lining.
• Small cell carcinoma: Making up less than 1% of cases, this type starts in the neuroendocrine cells. It tends to spread more quickly and can be harder to treat.
• Adenocarcinoma: Also rare, this type starts in the bladder’s glandular cells.
• Sarcoma: This type begins in the muscle cells of the bladder and represents less than 0.5% of bladder tumors.

Bladder cancer diagnosis

Abdominal CT scan of the urinary system.

There are multiple methods involved in diagnosing bladder cancer, many of which are used in combination. The most common diagnostic methods include:

• Physical exam: The physician looks for signs of a tumor, inflammation or other abnormalities. For patients assigned male at birth (AMAB), a physician may gently insert a gloved finger into the rectum to feel for bladder irregularities. For patients assigned female at birth (AFAB), they may perform a pelvic exam instead.
• Urine testing: Various urine tests can sometimes detect precancerous or cancerous cells, signs of urinary tract infections or tumor markers that may suggest bladder cancer. These tests can also help rule out other possible causes of symptoms.
• Cystoscopy: Considered one of the gold standards for bladder cancer diagnosis, the cystoscopy procedure uses a thin tube-like device called a cystoscope, which is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. It is equipped with a light and camera for visibility and may include tools to collect tissue samples or remove small tumors.
• CT scan: Computed tomography combines multiple cross-sectional X-ray images to create detailed internal views of the body.
• MRI scan: Magnetic resonance imaging uses radio waves and strong magnets to produce high-resolution internal images. It can help identify tumors, abnormalities or signs that the disease has spread.
• Ultrasound: An ultrasound scan uses high-frequency sound waves that echo off internal structures to create real-time images. In bladder cancer, it can help identify tumors or other irregularities.
• PET scan: Positron emission tomography is an imaging technique that uses a radiotracer injected into the patient’s bloodstream that is absorbed by tissues and cells throughout the body. The amount of radiotracer absorbed can help determine which areas are likely cancerous and where the cancer is located. It is commonly used for staging bladder cancer, which will be discussed in the next section.
• Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT): A TURBT procedure is similar to a cystoscopy but uses a surgical instrument called a resectoscope. It allows the surgeon to remove larger tumors, which are then sent to a lab for analysis.

Bladder cancer staging

Advanced medical imaging, such as PET scans, CT scans and MRIs can help doctors stage the progression of bladder cancer. Staging shows how much the cancer has spread and where it has spread to. It is an important factor in determining which treatment methods are chosen and what next steps are taken.

Cancer staging of any kind can be highly detailed and technical to understand. Here is a link for an in-depth look at bladder cancer staging from the American Cancer Society. In the meantime, a simplified overview of bladder cancer stages includes:

• Stage 0: This non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is the easiest to treat, as it is located only on the surface of the inner lining of the bladder.
• Stage I: Also non-muscle-invasive, this stage is still within the inner lining of the bladder but has started to grow deeper into the tissue.
• Stage II: The cancer has spread to the muscle of the bladder wall but has not moved beyond the bladder.
• Stage III: Cancer cells have spread beyond the bladder wall and into nearby tissues, organs or lymph nodes.
• Stage IV: Also called metastatic or advanced bladder cancer, this stage means the cancer has spread to distant areas of the body or deeper into the abdomen or pelvis. It is more difficult to treat.

Bladder cancer grading

Bladder cancer grading is a vital factor in determining treatment plans. The grade reflects how quickly the cancer is spreading, how aggressive it appears to be and how likely it is to reoccur.

The grade is determined through a pathology report of a bladder tissue sample. A cystoscopy, TURBT or other biopsy method is used to collect the sample, which is then analyzed in a laboratory. If the cancer cells look similar to normal cells, they are classified as low-grade. This means they are less likely to grow quickly or act aggressively. High-grade bladder cancer means the cells look very different from normal cells, which suggests they grow and spread faster and may require more intensive treatment.

Bladder cancer treatment methods

There are multiple methods for treating bladder cancer, which may vary depending on the stage and grade of the cancer as well as the patient’s overall health. Some treatments may be used together as part of a comprehensive approach, such as surgery followed by radiation therapy. Specific treatment plans will vary and are typically guided by personalized recommendations from a medical provider.

Surgery

There are several types of bladder surgery that may be performed, depending on how aggressive the cancer is and other individual factors. Here is a brief overview of common bladder cancer surgeries:

• TURBT: Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor is used not only for diagnosis but also as a treatment in cases where the cancer has not spread into the muscle. A resectoscope is used to remove the tumor, which is then sent to a pathologist for examination. If the cancer is found to be non-muscle-invasive and not aggressive, TURBT may be the only treatment needed for early-stage disease.
• Radical cystectomy: In more aggressive cases, the entire bladder may need to be surgically removed, especially if the cancer has spread to the muscle of the bladder wall or other areas of the body. Adjacent lymph nodes and nearby organs may also be removed, depending on the stage of the cancer. For AMAB patients, this may include the prostate and seminal vesicles. For AFAB patients, this may include the ovaries, uterus and part of the vagina. When a radical cystectomy is performed, there are several procedures available to restore bladder function or create a substitute.
• Partial cystectomy: If the cancer has not spread extensively, it may be possible to remove only the affected part of the bladder. In many cases, this can help preserve bladder function.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses special drugs to shrink or destroy cancer cells. In some cases, it may be given before surgery to help reduce the size of the tumor and make it easier to remove. However, chemotherapy can also be used after surgery if needed, especially if the cancer has spread to other areas of the body.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells and prevent them from spreading. While there are different types, most work in a similar way by carefully targeting cancerous areas. Radiation may be used in some early-stage bladder cancer cases as an alternative to cystectomy or to help treat advanced disease. It is often combined with chemotherapy.

Targeted therapy

Some cancers grow and mutate due to specific changes in cellular processes or substances that help drive their development. Because there are many possible variations, identifying the genetic traits of a tumor is vital to choosing the correct targeted therapy treatment.

One example involves a protein called FGFR, which cancer cells may use to grow and spread if it becomes mutated. Targeted therapy would focus on this specific protein, aiming to block the cancer cells from using it to grow.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a newer and still-developing treatment for various cancers. It involves the use of special medications to boost the patient’s own immune system, allowing it to better recognize and fight cancer cells.

Getting your results

Your imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your scans and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring physician, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history and past exams, can offer further insights and recommendations on next steps in a follow-up appointment.

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, your imaging results are securely accessible as soon as they’re approved for release by the hospital or imaging clinic. This allows you the opportunity to review your results and prepare questions ahead of your follow-up visit.

To help you understand your bladder imaging results, PocketHealth provides clear definitions and illustrations for complex medical terms—plus an in-depth explanation of your full imaging report. This is paired with highlights of key anatomy in your imaging to help you better comprehend what you’re looking at.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some commonly asked questions regarding bladder cancer.

What is the most common cause of bladder cancer?

While bladder cancer can have many causes, one of the strongest risk factors is a history of smoking tobacco. It’s estimated that smoking contributes to about 50% of bladder tumors. Tobacco contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are known carcinogens that damage genes and cells. This can lead to tumor formation, as seen with lung cancer, which has a well-established link to smoking.

In the case of bladder cancer, harmful substances from tobacco are absorbed into the bloodstream, filtered through the kidneys and collected in the urine. Because urine remains in the bladder for extended periods, the bladder lining is exposed to these carcinogens for hours at a time, increasing the risk of cancer in this area. Quitting tobacco can decrease the risk of developing bladder cancer or having it recur.

How quickly does bladder cancer spread?

How quickly bladder cancer spreads depends on factors such as the type of cancer, its stage and its grade at the time of diagnosis. Early-stage bladder cancer is usually easier to treat and often has not progressed to more aggressive forms. In addition, most bladder cancers tend to grow slowly, which can lead to better outcomes when they are caught early.

What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer can cause various urinary tract symptoms, though it is common for early stages of the disease to show no symptoms at all. Some possible physical signs of the disease include:

• Blood in the urine: Also called hematuria, this is one of the most common symptoms of bladder cancer. It may be frequent, intermittent or not visible to the naked eye. Because of this, a urinalysis that tests for blood can be a valuable tool in starting the diagnostic process.
• Urinary changes: This may include urinating more often than usual or having difficulty urinating.
• Pain or discomfort with urination: Patients may feel a burning sensation or other discomfort.
• Lower back or side pain: This can be a sign of more advanced bladder cancer.
• Unexplained fatigue: Feeling unusually tired without a clear cause.
• Swelling in the feet: In advanced cases, the lymph nodes may be affected. Since they help drain fluid from the body, swelling in the feet can signal fluid buildup.
• Unexplained weight loss: Unintentional weight loss and appetite changes may be signs of bladder cancer.

It is important to remember that many of these symptoms may have benign causes and do not necessarily mean you have bladder cancer. In fact, common conditions such as kidney stones and urinary tract infections share many of the same physical signs. Discussing any concerns with your physician can help you receive a more accurate and personalized diagnosis.

Can I reduce my risk for bladder cancer?

Certain lifestyle choices may help manage bladder cancer risk factors. According to the American Cancer Society, possible ways to reduce risk include:

• Not smoking
• Avoiding arsenic in food and drinking water, as it has been linked to bladder cancer
• Eating fruits and vegetables regularly
• Drinking plenty of water
• Avoiding exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as in the workplace

Although these habits cannot guarantee full protection from bladder cancer, they may help reduce your overall risk. It’s a good idea to speak with your doctor about personalized recommendations and other potential preventive strategies.

What is the most common treatment for bladder cancer?

The most common method to treat bladder cancer is surgery. The type of surgery performed for this primary treatment may vary depending on the likelihood of cancer recurrence, lymph node involvement, the aggressiveness of the disease and whether it is classified as metastatic bladder cancer. The more extensive the spread of the disease, the more likely it is that methods such as bladder removal surgery or removal of other affected tissues will be used. Bladder cancer treated with surgical approaches is usually followed by secondary methods, such as chemotherapy and/or radiation.

How do you manage bladder cancer?

There are a variety of methods used to manage and treat cancer, which may vary depending on the type, grade, spread and other characteristics of the disease. Common management approaches include:

• Surgical procedures to remove the tumor and affected tissues
• Chemotherapy drugs that attack cancer cells
• Radiation therapy to shrink and kill cancer cells
• Immunotherapy to boost the body’s immune system
• Clinical trials for new medications and treatments

Which stage of bladder cancer is curable?

Cure rates vary depending on factors including the type of bladder cancer, whether it is muscle-invasive and the stage of the disease. Earlier stages tend to have higher cure rates when the cancer hasn’t spread outside the lining of the bladder. However, there is a lot of variation depending on factors such as the individual’s underlying health, when the disease was detected and how aggressively it is spreading. It’s important to address questions about outlook and diagnostic factors with your doctor, who will have a more precise understanding of your individual case.

What is the prognosis for bladder cancer?

Prognosis greatly depends on the type, stage, grade and other factors, such as whether it is recurrent bladder cancer. If the cancer is only found within the tissues lining the inside of the bladder, the 5-year survival rate can be as high as 97%, according to the National Cancer Institute. As cancer cells spread and become muscle-invasive, this figure may decrease, sometimes significantly, if the cancer metastasizes.

When viewing prognosis and survival rates, it is important to remember that these figures are based on a wide range of patients who have different cases, treatments and health factors. These statistics do not take into account individual medical histories and approaches unique to each case. Also, newer treatments and survival data are often not yet reflected.

Getting support

A bladder cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but it’s important to remember that you are not alone. Reaching out to support groups or others who have gone through similar experiences can offer encouragement and practical advice. Your doctor may also be able to connect you with local resources to help guide you through treatment and recovery. In the meantime, here are some online resources you may find helpful:

• Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network
• American Bladder Cancer Society
• World Bladder Cancer Patient Coalition
• Bladder Cancer Canada
• National Cancer Institute

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your medical imaging results. All of your images and reports are permanently available in one secure location and can be accessed online—anytime, anywhere. Reports can also be easily shared with other members of your care team, if needed. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool to better understand your imaging results.

PocketHealth also provides personalized health insights based on the findings in your report to help you stay on top of any next steps. This includes clearly surfacing any follow-up actions found in your report and generating customized questions to ask your doctor so you can make the most of your follow-up appointment.

While managing a bladder cancer diagnosis may feel overwhelming, better understanding your results and working closely with your healthcare team can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your health.

The post Bladder Cancer Management: What You Need to Know appeared first on PocketHealth.

What is bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer is caused by cancerous cells within the bladder growing and spreading out of control. These cells may form tumors or growths and affect organ function if the disease becomes advanced.

The bladder is part of the urinary system, which helps rid the body of toxins and waste. Other parts of the urinary system include the two kidneys, two ureters and the urethra. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood, forming urine. Urine then travels from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called ureters. From there, it is stored in the bladder and leaves the body during urination.

Symptoms of bladder cancer

Because the bladder is such an integral part of the urinary system, bladder cancer symptoms often affect this process. While earlier stages of the disease may not cause any symptoms, some common ones to be aware of include:

• Hematuria: Blood in the urine. This can be infrequent, recurring or so subtle that it cannot be detected without urine testing.
• Discomfort during urination: Pain or burning sensations while urinating.
• Frequent urination: Urinating more often or feeling the need to, even when the bladder is not full.
• Difficulties with urination: Patients may have difficulty urinating, even when the bladder is full.
• Unexplained weight loss: Unintentional weight loss and decreased appetite may be signs of bladder cancer.
• Abdominal pain: Pain in the pelvis, abdomen, lower back or side of the body may be an indicator of the disease.
• Unexplained fatigue: Feeling unusually tired.

It is important to remember that experiencing these symptoms does not necessarily mean you have bladder cancer. Many benign medical conditions can cause similar symptoms, such as kidney stones or urinary tract infections. It is recommended that you speak with your medical provider about any concerns or symptoms you experience so they can provide their professional opinion and offer appropriate next steps.

Types of bladder cancer

There are multiple types of bladder cancer, which may affect treatment decisions and other medical recommendations. Here are some types to be aware of:

• Urothelial carcinoma: This type of bladder cancer begins in the urothelial cells that line the bladder. Urothelial cells also line the renal pelvis, ureters, urethra and some other organs, but the cancer must begin in the bladder to be considered bladder cancer. Urothelial carcinoma (sometimes called transitional cell carcinoma) is the most common type of bladder cancer.
• Squamous cell carcinoma: The flat, thin cells that line the inside of the bladder are called squamous cells, and bladder cancer can sometimes form in these cells. However, this type of bladder cancer is rare, occurring in roughly 3 to 5% of cases.
• Sarcoma: Rarely, bladder cancer can develop in the muscle cells of the bladder. These cases make up less than 0.5% of bladder tumors, are most common in AMAB patients and tend to be more aggressive than other types because they are often not discovered until later stages of the disease. Sarcoma originates in soft tissues such as muscle, fat and blood vessels and can be linked to previous radiation treatment for a different type of cancer in prior years.
• Small cell carcinoma: This type of bladder cancer begins in neuroendocrine cells and tends to be more aggressive and faster spreading. It makes up fewer than 1% of bladder cancer cases.
• Adenocarcinoma: Also very rare, this type of bladder cancer begins in the glandular cells of the bladder.

Besides the types just covered, bladder cancer can also be categorized based on whether it has spread past the bladder’s muscle wall:

• Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: This means the cancer has not spread to the bladder’s muscle wall, which often makes it easier to treat. The majority of bladder cancer cases are non-muscle-invasive. Another term for this is superficial bladder cancer.
• Muscle-invasive bladder cancer: The cancer has spread beyond the bladder lining to the muscle wall or beyond. This can make it harder to treat, especially if the cancer spreads (metastasizes) to other areas of the body.

How bladder cancer is diagnosed

Abdominal CT scan of the urinary system.

There are multiple medical tests, imaging scans and procedures that go into a bladder cancer diagnosis. Here is an overview of the most common methods used.

Physical Exam

The physical examination may include questions about personal and family medical histories, discussion of possible symptoms and addressing any related concerns.

AMAB patients may undergo a digital rectal exam, in which the doctor inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to check for abnormalities such as a possible bladder tumor. AFAB patients may undergo a pelvic exam for similar reasons. Usually, a physical examination is just a starting point for diagnosis or to help rule out other potential illnesses.

Urine tests

It is very common for a urine sample to be collected for laboratory analysis. Because bladder cancer shares many symptoms with benign urinary conditions, a urinalysis can be helpful to check for signs of a urinary tract infection, blood or other substances. While urinalysis alone cannot confirm or rule out bladder cancer, urine samples can be used for the following tests:

• Urine culture: This test looks for bacteria and other causes of possible urinary tract infections, which may help rule out bladder cancer.
• Urine tumor marker test: Tumor markers (also called biomarkers) are substances found in the urine that are either produced by bladder cancer cells or by the body in response to bladder cancer. Testing for these substances may point to the presence of the disease.
• Urine cytology: The urine sample is examined for pre-cancerous or cancerous cells.

Cystoscopy

A cystoscopy is a very common procedure when trying to determine if a patient has bladder cancer. A thin, tube-like device called a cystoscope is carefully inserted through the patient’s urethra and into the bladder. It contains a tiny camera, light and tools that allow the physician to look for growths, tumors or abnormalities. This also allows the provider to collect biopsy samples or remove very small tumors, if needed.

CT scan

Computed tomography scans use X-ray technology to create highly detailed internal images for study. Unlike traditional X-rays, which typically capture only 2 to 4 images, CT scans collect numerous pictures (called “slices”) and compile them into a detailed cross-sectional image that can better show soft tissues, bones and blood vessels.

For bladder cancer, a CT scan can help detect tumors, growths, inflammation and other abnormalities. It can also assess nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the urinary system, and help determine whether any cancer has spread to distant areas of the body. To better differentiate the areas being scanned, patients are often given a contrast dye through an I.V., which improves visibility for the doctor analyzing the scans. CT scans can also help guide biopsy needles if a tissue sample is needed for testing.

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that uses strong magnets and radio waves to create highly detailed internal images. A contrast dye may be used to better differentiate tissues and organs when necessary. MRIs are especially helpful in determining whether bladder cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

Ultrasound

An ultrasound scan uses high-frequency sound waves to create internal images of the body. These waves bounce off tissues, bones and other internal structures, echoing back in real time to form an image that can be captured and saved for study. Ultrasound scans are used to assess the bladder, determine whether nearby tissues and organs (such as the kidneys) are affected and guide a biopsy needle in real time when collecting a sample.

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

IVP is a type of X-ray scan used to examine the urinary tract, including the ureters, kidneys and bladder. A contrast agent is administered, and X-rays are taken at specific intervals as the dye moves through the kidneys, ureters and into the bladder. This can help show how well the urinary system is functioning and identify signs of cancer, such as tumors. That said, this test is not as commonly performed today, as other imaging methods, such as CT scans, are considered equally effective.

Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT)

A TURBT is typically performed after a bladder tumor or growth has been confirmed through imaging or cystoscopy. While a cystoscopy can remove small bladder tumors, a TURBT is used to remove larger ones or take a biopsy sample, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis.

A surgical tool called a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder. It has a small, electrified loop of wire at the end that allows the surgeon to remove tumors and cauterize blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. The tumor is then analyzed in a laboratory for cancer cells, which helps determine the stage of the cancer and other details vital to treatment decisions.

This method is an effective way to diagnose bladder cancer and can also serve as part of the treatment for early-stage cancer that has not spread beyond the bladder lining.

Getting your results

Your imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your scans and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring physician, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history and past exams, can offer further insights and recommendations on next steps in a follow-up appointment.

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, your imaging results are securely accessible as soon as they’re approved for release by the hospital or imaging clinic. This allows you the opportunity to review your results and prepare questions ahead of your follow-up visit.

To help you understand your bladder imaging results, PocketHealth provides clear definitions and illustrations for complex medical terms—plus an in-depth explanation of your full imaging report. This is paired with highlights of key anatomy in your imaging to help you better comprehend what you’re looking at.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some frequently asked questions regarding bladder cancer.

What is bladder cancer staging?

Bladder cancer staging can get a bit complex, but at a basic level, it’s a method used to categorize where the cancer cells have spread within the body. A more detailed explanation of bladder cancer stages can be found here. For our purposes, here is a simplified version of the different bladder cancer stages:

• Stage 0: This non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is located only on the inner surface of the bladder lining, which makes it the easiest to treat. For many patients, TURBT is the main method of treatment, with additional monitoring as needed.
• Stage I: Also a non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, this stage means the cancer is still limited to the inner bladder lining but has begun to invade the connective tissue beneath it.
• Stage II: The cancer is still localized to the bladder, but the cancer cells have spread into the muscle wall.
• Stage III: The cancer has spread outside the bladder into nearby tissues or organs, such as the prostate, uterus or vagina. It may also involve nearby lymph nodes.
• Stage IV: Also called advanced or metastatic bladder cancer, the disease has spread to distant parts of the body or deeper into the abdomen or pelvis. This is the most difficult stage to treat.

Are there bladder cancer screening recommendations?

Currently, there are no bladder cancer screening recommendations for patients at average risk. However, if a patient has a personal or family history of the disease, they may want to discuss preventative screenings with their physician. Possible screening methods could include various urinalysis tests or imaging, if deemed necessary. Because there is no official standard, recommendations are likely to vary by patient and physician. If you have concerns or are at higher risk for the disease, it may be helpful to talk with your doctor about screening options.

What are some possible risk factors for bladder cancer?

While there are several possible bladder cancer risk factors, it is important to remember that these factors often do not lead to cancer. Still, being aware of them can be helpful, especially since some can be reduced or improved through lifestyle choices or behavior changes. Here are some current risk factors, according to the National Cancer Institute:

• Age: While bladder cancer can occur at any age, the risk tends to increase as people get older.
• Personal or family history of bladder cancer: If you or a close family member has a history of bladder cancer, your risk of developing it or experiencing a recurrence may be higher.
• Using tobacco products: This is one of the biggest risk factors for bladder cancer due to the carcinogens in tobacco. The kidneys filter these harmful chemicals, which then pass through the urinary tract and into the bladder, exposing the bladder lining to them.
• Exposure to hazardous materials: Certain metals, dyes, paints and petroleum products may increase bladder cancer risk, especially when encountered routinely in the workplace.
• Gene mutations: Some genetic mutations, such as those in the RB1, HRAS and other genes, can predispose someone to bladder cancer.
• Arsenic or chlorine exposure: This is often due to drinking water with high levels of these substances, such as in contaminated wells or other unsafe sources. Much like with tobacco, the kidneys filter these harmful chemicals, which can then affect the bladder.
• Previous radiation exposure: Past radiation therapy, particularly for cancer in the pelvic area, may increase the risk of developing bladder cancer.

How aggressive is bladder cancer?

How aggressive bladder cancer is will often vary on an individual basis. The type, stage and spread of the disease all play a major role in treatment options and outcomes, as does the patient’s underlying health and other individualized factors. It is important to discuss your personal case with your physician to gain more accurate information, as many factors influence the aggressiveness and prognosis of the disease.

Bladder cancer that is localized to the bladder alone is easier to treat than cases that have metastasized to other areas of the body. However, treatments continue to advance and improve, offering hope for better outcomes despite these factors.

What is the prognosis for bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer often has a good prognosis depending on the cancer type, stage of the disease and other relevant factors. According to the National Cancer Institute, current 5-year survival rates for bladder cancers are:

• 97% for carcinoma in situ, meaning the cancer is only in the tissue that lines the inside of the patient’s bladder
• 71% for localized bladder cancer, where it has not spread outside the bladder
• 39% for regional bladder cancer, when cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes and organs
• 8% for metastatic bladder cancer that has spread to distant organs and regions of the body

It is important to remember that every patient and case is different, and that prognosis information, while helpful, may not be accurate for every individual. The data used for survival statistics come from large groups of patients who may have had very different treatments and health histories.

Is bladder cancer treatable if caught early?

When caught early, many bladder cancer cases have a high cure rate, especially if they are non-muscle invasive. The 5-year survival rate for some types of bladder cancer that have not spread beyond the inner layer of the bladder is as high as 97%.

How is bladder cancer detected?

Bladder cancer is generally detected through a combination of physical exams, medical imaging, urinary testing and diagnostic procedures. These may include an intravenous pyelogram, cystoscopy or transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT). The removed tissue is then tested for cancer cells. In the early stages, a TURBT may also be used to treat bladder cancer.

Getting support

Getting a bladder cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming. It may be helpful to remember that you’re not alone, and you may find that cancer support groups and qualified therapists can help you navigate this situation. Your doctor will likely have local information and resources you can take advantage of. Meanwhile, here are some online resources you may find helpful:

• Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network
• American Bladder Cancer Society
• World Bladder Cancer Patient Coalition
• Bladder Cancer Canada
• National Cancer Institute

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your medical imaging results. All of your images and reports are permanently available in one secure location and can be accessed online—anytime, anywhere. Reports can also be easily shared with other members of your care team, if needed. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool to better understand your imaging results.

PocketHealth also provides personalized health insights based on the findings in your report to help you stay on top of any next steps. This includes clearly surfacing any follow-up actions found in your report and generating customized questions to ask your doctor so you can make the most of your follow-up appointment.

While a bladder cancer diagnosis may feel overwhelming, better understanding your results and working closely with your healthcare team can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your health.

The post Bladder Cancer Diagnosis: Everything You Need to Know appeared first on PocketHealth.

This article provides an overview of the disease, focusing on diagnostic methods and techniques, including genetic testing, sweat tests, and the role of medical imaging.

What is cystic fibrosis?

For patients with CF, mutations in their cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, also called the CFTR gene, can affect their CFTR protein functionality. When this happens, the protein may not reach the cell surface or may function improperly once there. Its role is to move chloride to the surface of the cells. Normally, the chloride would attract water to the surface of the cell as well, but without it, the body produces glue-like mucus in various organs, which can lead to complications.

While the lungs are often the most affected organs, other regions, such as the pancreas, can also be impacted. Here are some ways this inherited condition can affect patients:

• Lung complications: Germs and bacteria can become trapped in the patient’s airways due to thick mucus clogging internal structures. This makes them more prone to illness, infections, respiratory issues and other problems.
• Digestive issues: Due to mucus buildup in the pancreas, digestive enzymes may be unavailable to aid in nutrient absorption. This can lead to malnutrition and growth impacts.
• Liver disease: The glue-like mucus can also obstruct the bile duct, leading to liver disease.
• Reproductive problems: It is common for CF patients assigned male at birth (AMAB) to have difficulties reproducing. Fortunately, experienced fertility specialists have successfully assisted many CF patients with this endeavor.

Cystic fibrosis and genes

Cystic fibrosis is caused when two copies of the mutated CF gene are inherited from both parents. When a person has only one of these mutated genes, they are considered a carrier. They do not have CF, but they can pass the gene down to their offspring if their partner also carries a mutated CF gene. The chances of two carriers passing on this condition to their children are as follows:

• Every time they have a child together, there is a 1 in 4 chance (25%) that the child will have cystic fibrosis.
• With each child born, there is a 1 in 4 chance (25%) that the child will neither have cystic fibrosis nor be a carrier.
• There is a 1 in 2 (50%) chance that the child will be a carrier for cystic fibrosis but will not have the disease.

Outlook for cystic fibrosis

In the past, CF patients had a short lifespan due to complications of the disease. In recent years, however, medical treatments and advancements have significantly improved the outlook for patients. The current estimated median age of survival for CF patients born between 2020 and 2024 is 65 years. It is important to note that this is an estimated median and is not an accurate prediction on an individual basis. Some patients are currently living rich lives well into their 70s and 80s.

Prognosis and outlook vary significantly on a case-by-case basis, with factors such as disease severity, treatment methods and individual health playing a large part in life expectancy. CF still has significant impacts on many patients’ lifespans, and it continues to be studied. However, advancements in treatments and management continue to progress, especially in promising fields such as gene replacement therapy.

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis

Symptoms of CF may vary from patient to patient, with underlying health and disease severity being important factors in how the condition manifests. Here are some common cystic fibrosis symptoms:

• Recurring sinus infections
• Infertility in AMAB patients
• Chronic cough
• Recurring lung infections, bronchitis or pneumonia
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Clubbing of toes and fingers
• Decreased growth due to malnutrition
• Nasal polyps
• Bowel issues and greasy stools
• Prolapse of the rectum
• Excessively salty-tasting skin

It is important to note that experiencing these symptoms does not necessarily mean you have CF. There are numerous milder conditions that may cause similar symptoms. It’s recommended to discuss any concerns with your doctor so they can take the next steps and address your health on an individual basis.

How cystic fibrosis is diagnosed

CT scan of the chest organs

Here is an overview of diagnostic methods for cystic fibrosis.

Newborn Screening

In the U.S. and Canada, newborn screening is a standard practice to help detect various health conditions and diseases after a baby is born, including cystic fibrosis. A heel prick is performed, and a small blood sample is taken for analysis. If the report shows higher than expected levels of an enzyme called immunoreactive trypsin, it can indicate issues with the pancreas, which may point to CF. However, these elevated levels can occur for other reasons, such as a stressful birth, being a CF carrier or other less serious causes.

Additionally, some regions commonly test for the gene mutation deltaF508, which is the most frequent mutation found in 70% of CF patients. If abnormalities are detected in either test, the test is typically repeated, as false positives can occur due to other factors. If the second round of testing still shows signs of CF, additional testing will likely be performed.

Genetic testing

There are over 2,000 known mutations of the CF gene that the medical community is currently aware of. Genetic testing can help identify these mutations in many cases, revealing the risk for cystic fibrosis. For couples wanting to conceive, it can be helpful to undergo this testing in advance to determine if they are carriers of the condition. It is estimated that there are over 10 million carriers in the U.S. alone, making it an important step in pregnancy planning.

For patients being tested for CF, genetic tests can be very helpful in reaching a diagnosis, as they can often pinpoint the precise gene mutation that indicates the presence of the disease.

Sweat test

The “sweat test” is the standard method for diagnosing cystic fibrosis. It is often performed after other tests, such as genetic screening, suggest the possibility of CF. Patients with cystic fibrosis tend to have higher levels of chloride (salt) in their sweat. A chemical is applied to the patient’s skin, typically on the arm or leg, and a painless electric current is used to stimulate sweating. A sample is then collected and tested for chloride levels.

Some specific CF mutations may not cause increased chloride levels, but in the majority of cases, the sweat test remains a highly reliable diagnostic tool.

Nasal lining measurements

This test is also called the nasal potential difference (NPD). Due to issues with chloride transport caused by the mutated CFTR protein, sodium and chloride ions behave differently in patients with CF. Specifically, there is a reduction in chloride transport and an increase in sodium absorption.

While the lungs are commonly affected, the cell surfaces of the nasal lining can be used to measure airway ion transport. This is done using a painless electric current along with various solutions to stimulate ion movement. The resulting voltage changes are collected and evaluated against expected baselines.

Medical imaging

While medical imaging cannot officially diagnose cystic fibrosis, it can play an important role in assessing organ function, tracking disease progression and evaluating overall health. Here are some common imaging modalities that may be used for CF patients:

• CT scan: Computed tomography uses X-rays to create internal images of the body. Unlike standard X-rays, CT scans take multiple cross-sectional “slices,” which are compiled to form a highly detailed view. CT scans can help identify abnormal mucus, dilated airways, infections, lung disease and sinus polyps, which are common in CF patients.
• MRI scan: Magnetic resonance imaging uses radio waves and strong magnets to create detailed images of tissues, bones and organs. Like CT scans, MRIs are used to assess potential damage or complications related to CF, but they are not used to make a diagnosis on their own.
• Ultrasound: Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound waves that bounce off internal structures and echo back to produce images. It can help assess function in organs such as the liver and pancreas, which are commonly affected by CF.

Getting your results

Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your imaging results are securely accessible as soon as the report is available, allowing you to review them often before your follow-up visit.

Your imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your scans and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring doctor, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history, can offer further insights and recommendations.

To better understand your imaging reports, Report Reader provides clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms. Simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning. This is paired with illustrations and highlights of anatomy in your imaging to help you better understand your results and prepare for follow-up appointments.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding cystic fibrosis.

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis in adults?

While the majority of CF cases are discovered in infancy or by the age of 2, there are cases that remain undetected until adulthood. In these cases, symptoms may include:

• Inflammation of the pancreas
• Arthritis
• Infertility in AMAB patients
• Wheezing and breathing difficulties
• Chronic cough
• Malnutrition
• Recurring lung infections and issues
• Sinusitis

What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?

There are several treatments for cystic fibrosis patients, which may vary depending on how advanced the disease is. Some may include:

• Airway clearance techniques (ACT): These methods help loosen the glue-like mucus so the patient can cough it out. Breathing exercises and specific techniques assist with this process, allowing the patient to breathe more easily and reducing the risk of infection.
• Avoidance practices: CF patients are at higher risk for respiratory issues and infections. Because of this, it is often recommended that they avoid secondhand smoke and exposure to contagious illnesses.
• PEP devices: Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) devices are used in the patient’s mouth to help them exhale forcefully, making it easier to push mucus out of the airways.
• Chest therapy: This can be done manually or with the use of a therapy vest. The chest wall is vibrated or shaken to help loosen mucus from the lungs and airways.
• Medications: A variety of medications may help ease a patient’s symptoms. Examples include mucus thinners, bronchodilators to improve airway function and CFTR modulators, which enhance gene function in patients with specific genetic mutations.
• Breathing therapies: These may include ventilators or oxygen therapy to support respiratory function.
• Surgery: In advanced cases, liver or lung transplants may be necessary to improve health and restore organ function.

Can cystic fibrosis be prevented?

The only way cystic fibrosis can currently be prevented is through genetic testing and pregnancy planning. Couples wanting to conceive can be tested to determine if they are carriers of CF. If both partners carry the mutated CF gene, they may want to consult a fertility specialist to discuss next steps and possible alternatives. Because it is an inherited condition, this remains the only available method of prevention.

What are some myths about cystic fibrosis?

There are some common misconceptions about cystic fibrosis that may be helpful to clarify:

• It is a disease only found in children: Most new cases of CF are diagnosed in childhood, thanks to early screenings and increased awareness. However, adults can still be diagnosed later in life.
• It is only a lung disease: In reality, cystic fibrosis can affect multiple organs, including the pancreas and liver.
• It is a form of asthma: CF is not asthma, though both conditions can impact breathing. In CF, the airways are obstructed by thick mucus, while asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways.
• A lung transplant cures CF: Because CF affects the entire body, a lung transplant does not cure the condition. However, it can significantly improve respiratory symptoms and may prolong the patient’s lifespan.

Getting support

A cystic fibrosis diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but it’s important to know you’re not alone. As therapies and treatments continue to advance, so do the support systems available to patients. Your doctor will likely provide local resources and education. In the meantime, here are some online resources that patients may find helpful:

• Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
• Cystic Fibrosis Research Institute
• Claire’s Place Foundation
• The Cystic Dreams Fund
• Cystic Fibrosis Canada

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your medical imaging. All of your vital imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. Reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, if needed. Additionally, it makes it easy to track health changes over time, such as with repeat imaging. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

PocketHealth MyCare Navigator gives personalized insights into your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This feature can also generate individualized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation. A cystic fibrosis diagnosis may feel overwhelming, but working closely with your providers can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your health.

The post Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis: An Overview of Diagnostic Methods appeared first on PocketHealth.

What is thyroid cancer?

The thyroid gland is located in the lower front of the neck near the clavicle. Its role is to produce specific thyroid hormones: thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are secreted and used throughout the body, affecting functions such as metabolism, menstruation, heart rate and body temperature.

Thyroid cancer develops when cells in the thyroid grow and spread out of control, affecting the function of the gland and sometimes spreading to other parts of the body such as the bones and other organs. There are multiple types of thyroid cancer to be aware of:

• Papillary thyroid cancer: This is by far the most commonly diagnosed type of thyroid cancer, making up 70 to 80 percent of cases. It can develop at any age and is usually very slow-growing. Prognosis is typically excellent, even if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. There are also subtypes of papillary thyroid cancer. The follicular variant is the most common, but others include hobnail, diffuse sclerosing, clear cell, trabecular, tall cell, columnar and insular. These variants may require more assertive treatment depending on the type.
• Follicular thyroid cancer: This type makes up roughly 10 to 15 percent of thyroid cancer cases. It is not the same as the follicular subtype of papillary cancer, but it also tends to have a fair prognosis. Follicular thyroid cancer is more frequently found in regions where people have inadequate dietary iodine.
• Oncocytic carcinoma: This rare cancer type makes up only about 3 percent of cases. It can be more challenging to detect and treat compared to other types. It was previously known as Hurthle cell cancer.
• Anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinoma: Even rarer than oncocytic carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma is found in about 2 percent of thyroid cancer cases. It can spread more quickly and be more challenging to treat compared to other thyroid cancer types.
• Medullary thyroid cancer: MTC makes up approximately 5 percent of thyroid cancer cases. It may be more difficult to treat. There are two types of MTC: sporadic and familial. Sporadic MTC accounts for the majority of cases and most often develops in older patients. Familial MTC is inherited and can develop in childhood or early adulthood.

What are the symptoms of thyroid cancer?

Thyroid cancer tends to be less symptomatic than other forms of cancer, and some patients may not experience any obvious signs at all. However, possible symptoms may include:

• A lump in the neck: A thyroid lump, nodule or swelling may be visible or may be felt by a healthcare provider during an exam.
• Difficulty swallowing: Some patients may experience trouble swallowing.
• Neck pain: Pain in the front of the neck that may also travel up to the ears.
• Chronic cough: A persistent cough that is not related to other illnesses.
• Breathing difficulties: Issues with breathing that are unrelated to respiratory conditions.
• Vocal changes: A hoarse voice or other changes in vocal tone or strength.

The presence of these symptoms does not necessarily indicate thyroid cancer. Many benign conditions can cause similar signs. Even a lump in the thyroid is often a noncancerous nodule. Still, it is recommended to speak with your physician about any symptoms or concerns so a personalized evaluation can be performed.

Thyroid cancer diagnosis methods

The definitive gold standard for confirming a thyroid cancer diagnosis is usually a biopsy. However, various blood tests and imaging studies are often performed first to help confirm or rule out any suspicion of cancer. Below is a brief overview of the different diagnostic methods.

Physical exam

A physician may feel a nodule or lump in the patient’s neck during a physical exam, especially if the patient is experiencing symptoms. Some providers check for thyroid lumps as part of routine examinations.

Ultrasounds

Ultrasound scans use high-frequency sound waves to create internal images of the body. These sound waves are produced by a handheld device called a transducer, which is slowly moved over the area being scanned. In this case, the area is the patient’s neck. The waves echo off internal structures and tissues, creating real-time images that the technician can capture and save for later analysis.

Ultrasounds are particularly helpful in diagnosing thyroid cancer because it can differentiate between a fluid-filled and a solid nodule or growth. Fluid-filled nodules tend to be benign, while solid nodules have a higher likelihood of being cancerous. Ultrasounds can also assess nearby lymph nodes, as enlargement may indicate the cancer has spread.

Lastly, ultrasounds are commonly used to help guide biopsy needles into the correct nodule or area being sampled. Its real-time imaging and accuracy make it a valuable tool for this purpose.

CT scan

Computed tomography scans use X-ray technology to create highly detailed cross-sectional images of the body. Traditional X-rays typically capture only 2 to 4 images for analysis. CT scans, however, take several images and combine these numerous “slices” into a detailed view that can reveal nodules, abnormalities and signs that the cancer has spread to other areas of the body.

Often, a contrast dye is used during the CT scan, injected into the patient’s arm. This dye helps differentiate the areas being scanned, improving visibility and detail.

MRI Scan

Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to produce highly detailed internal images for study. In the case of thyroid cancer, it can show the gland and adjacent lymph nodes, detailing factors such as size, tumors and abnormalities. It can also help detect if cancer cells have spread to other areas of the body, though PET scans and other imaging methods are more commonly used for this purpose. Similar to CT scans, MRIs can also be performed with a contrast agent.

PET scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are extremely valuable in detecting cancer throughout the body. A mildly radioactive radiotracer, often fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), is injected into the patient before the scan. After the tracer has had time to absorb into the body, the patient undergoes imaging in the PET scanner. A special camera tracks the radiotracer, evaluating how tissues and cells absorb the substance. Cancer cells tend to absorb more of the radiotracer than normal cells due to their higher metabolic rate, which helps doctors identify affected areas and determine whether the cancer has spread.

Often, CT scans and PET scans can be performed at the same time using the same equipment, as some imaging machines are designed to do both. PET scans are particularly useful for detecting recurrent thyroid cancer, determining whether it has metastasized to other parts of the body and evaluating how effectively treatments are working.

Radioiodine scan

Also called a thyroid scan, a radioiodine scan is an imaging method in nuclear medicine that works similarly to a PET scan. Instead of a radioactive sugar such as FDG, a thyroid scan uses a radioactive iodine tracer. This is often taken in pill form or injected and given time to be absorbed by the body. During the scan, a gamma camera detects and measures the gamma radiation emitted by the tracer, capturing images of the affected areas.

Nodules or regions that absorb more radiation than expected are called hot nodules, which are often not cancerous. Those that absorb less radiation are referred to as cold nodules. Cold nodules can sometimes indicate cancer, although benign nodules can also appear this way. A thyroid scan by itself is not used to diagnose thyroid cancer, since cold nodules can have non-cancerous causes. However, it can help rule out certain conditions or determine whether additional testing, such as a biopsy, is needed.

Blood tests

There are multiple blood tests that may help assess thyroid function. Because it is not uncommon for patients with thyroid cancer to have normal blood test results, these tests are usually used to evaluate for benign thyroid conditions, such as hypothyroidism. They may help indicate that a nodule or finding is non-cancerous or determine whether additional testing, such as imaging, is needed. Thyroid blood tests commonly assess levels of:

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): TSH is produced by the pituitary gland, not the thyroid. It helps regulate other thyroid hormones. If the thyroid is producing too few hormones, the TSH level may be higher than expected. This test helps evaluate general thyroid function.
• T3 and T4: These thyroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland and help control metabolism.
• Calcitonin: This hormone is involved in the body’s use of calcium and is produced by C cells in the thyroid. These cells can mutate into medullary thyroid cancer, so abnormal calcitonin levels may point to this condition.
• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): This protein may be elevated in patients with medullary thyroid cancer.

Biopsy

Thyroid nodules and tumors are often benign, which is why a biopsy is needed to definitively diagnose thyroid cancer. A small tissue sample is taken from the nodule and sent for laboratory analysis to check for the presence of cancer cells. Typically, an ultrasound or other imaging is performed first to help the physician determine whether a biopsy is necessary. Biopsy types include:

• Fine needle aspiration (FNA): FNA is one of the most common biopsy types and is often performed in a clinic or doctor’s office. A hollow, thin needle is inserted through the skin into the nodule, often with real-time guidance from ultrasound. A small sample is removed, and the process may be repeated as needed, including in the lymph nodes if they appear to be affected. The procedure is quick, minimally invasive and considered very safe.
• Core needle biopsy: This is similar to fine needle aspiration but uses a larger needle to obtain a more substantial tissue sample. It often requires the procedure to be performed by someone with specialized training, as it is more invasive than FNA.
• Surgical biopsies: If results from previous biopsies are unclear, a larger sample may be needed. This can be obtained during a surgical biopsy, typically performed under general anesthesia. One example is a lobectomy, which involves removing the lobe of the thyroid that contains the nodule or cancerous cells. A lobectomy is also a common treatment for thyroid cancer.

Getting your results

Turnaround times for thyroid cancer imaging results can vary depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, you don’t have to wait as long—your results are securely accessible as soon as the imaging or report are available, allowing you to review them before your follow-up visit.

When you do gain access to your results, it’s common to find medical terminology somewhat confusing, but Report Reader helps you to better understand your report by offering clear, straightforward definitions for medical terms—simply tap or click on any underlined words to reveal their meaning. This is paired with illustrations and highlights of anatomy in your imaging to help you better understand your results and prepare for follow-up appointments.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some common questions regarding thyroid cancer.

What is the outlook for thyroid cancer?

Outlook and prognosis for thyroid cancer vary depending on whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body (a process called metastasis), the type of thyroid cancer and the patient’s overall health. Many common variants of thyroid cancer, such as papillary or follicular, have high survival rates, especially if the cancer is localized and hasn’t spread. Regarding your own personal case, it is recommended to discuss your medical history with your doctor so they can provide a more accurate assessment of your individual health. Overall, thyroid cancer tends to have very high rates of successful treatment.

What causes thyroid cancer?

There is no single known cause of thyroid cancer. Cells may mutate for no obvious reason, or the mutations may be inherited and run in a patient’s family. In some cases, radiation exposure during childhood, such as exposure during treatment for a prior cancer, can increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer later in life.

How is thyroid cancer treated?

There are multiple possible methods for treating thyroid cancer, and many are used in combination with one another. Some common treatments include:

• Surgery: Part of the affected thyroid may be surgically removed, or in some cases, the entire thyroid gland. This is one of the most common treatments. If the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, those may be removed as well.
• Radiation therapy: High-energy rays, such as X-rays, are used to destroy cancer cells and prevent them from spreading.
• Radioactive iodine therapy (RAI): RAI is usually administered orally. The radioactive iodine collects in thyroid tissue, including cancerous cells, and destroys it. Other types of tissue remain unaffected, as only thyroid cells absorb iodine.
• Chemotherapy: Special drugs that help kill cancer cells and keep them from growing. This is more commonly used for aggressive forms of thyroid cancer.
• Hormone therapy: If cancer cells are feeding off of specific hormones, medications to block or stop these hormones may also help kill the cancer and keep it from spreading.
• Targeted therapy: Medications that target specific aspects of thyroid cancer cells. One example is a protein inhibitor that blocks certain proteins used as fuel by cancer.
• Immunotherapy: This new and still developing treatment involves bolstering the patient’s immune system to fight the cancer, and helping it better recognize cancer cells as threats.

What does the thyroid do?

The thyroid gland produces triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) and calcitonin, the last of which helps regulate calcium levels. These hormones help regulate body temperature and heart rate, support growth and brain development during childhood, activate the nervous system and play a role in various metabolic functions.

Getting support

Getting a thyroid cancer diagnosis can be an overwhelming experience but it’s important to know you’re not alone. Your doctor will likely have local resources and support for you to take advantage of, and there are numerous online resources you may find helpful as well:

• ThyCa: Thyroid Cancer Survivors Association
• CancerCare
• Cancer Support Community

Take control of your health journey

PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your thyroid scans. All of your vital imaging is in one secure location and can be accessed online anytime. Imaging and reports can also be easily shared with other physicians in your care team, if needed. Additionally, it makes it easy to track health changes over time, such as with repeat imaging. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool for organizing and understanding your imaging results and your health.

PocketHealth MyCare Navigator gives personalized insights into your health and identifies any recommended follow-up steps. This functionality can also generate individualized questions to ask your doctor based on the findings in your report, ensuring you make the most of your consultation. A thyroid cancer diagnosis may feel overwhelming, but working closely with your providers can give you the best chance of managing your condition and protecting your health.

The post Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis: An Overview of Detection Methods appeared first on PocketHealth.